Select a historical era for  Greece

  1. Fall of Constantinople and Ottoman Era
    1453 - 1820

  2. Greek War of Independence and the First Hellenic Republic
    1821 - 1832
     
  3. Kingdom of Greece
    1832-1924
    ​    [In 1878 the history of Greece and Cyprus diverge. See Cyprus history section below.]

  4. Second Hellenic Republic
    1924 - 1935

  5. Kingdom of Greece Restored
    1935 - 1967

  6. Military Dictatorship
    1967 - 1974

  7. Third Hellenic Republic
    1974 - today

Select a historical era for Cyprus

  1. British Cyprus
    1878-1960

  2. Independent Cyprus
    ​1960-1974

  3. Coup D'état and Turkish Invasion and Occupation of Cyprus
    1974

  4. Restoration of Constitutional Order
    1974 - today

Kingdom of Greece (1832 - 1924)

1832 - 1862 (Reign of King Otto)

1830's

1832, May 7 (N.S)
The Kingdom of Greece was a state established in 1832 at the London Conference of 1832 by the three Great Powers (Britain, France, and Russia). The newly established kingdom marked the birth of the first independent Greek state since the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
1832, May 7 (N.S)
Otto was a Bavarian prince who was selected as the first "King of Greece" in 1832, as per the London Convention of 1832. He was 16 years old and, because of that, a Regency Council was set up by his father Ludwig I of Bavaria. King Otto arrived in Greece the following year on January 18, 1833.
1832, May 27 - 2002
The Drachma was reintroduced with the arrival of King Otto. It  officially replaced the Phoenix a year later on February 8, 1833 by a Royal Decree. Prior to its reintroduction, the last drachmas to have been struck in the ancient Greek world was around 1,900 years earlier. The drachma lost its legal tender status on February 28, 2002.
1832, Jul 21 (N.S)
All the decisions taken at the London Conference of 1832 were ratified via the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832. This included the ratification of the new northern land border of the Kingdom of Greece at the Arta–Volos line. This border was first proposed in the London Protocol of 1829, however the London Protocol of 1830 reduced the northern border to the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line.
1832, Jul 23 (N.S) - 1835
Articles 9 and 10 of the Treaty of London of 1832 authorized Otto's father, King Ludwig, to form a three-member Regency Council that was set to rule the Kingdom of Greece until King Otto's coming-of- age on June 1 (N.S), 1835. Ludwig selected Count Armansperg, General Heideck and law professor Georg Ludwig von Maurer to head the Regency Council.
1832, Nov 1 - 1837, Jan
Article 14 of the Treaty of London of 1832 stipulated that Otto's father, King Ludwig, was to recruit a force of 3,500 soldiers to accompany the new King to Greece. As a result, King Ludwig established the Royal Bavarian Auxiliary Corps. Greeks resented the heavy handed ways of this force and their often anti-Greek sentiments. Their mission ended on January 1, 1837.
1833, Jan 18 (30 N.S)
King Otto arrived in Greece via the HMS Madagascar. Because he was a minor, the Regency Council took control immediately upon his arrival. Although most Greeks initially approved of Otto, they resented the Regency Council and the Bavarian Auxiliary Corps referring to them with the pejorative "Bavarocracy" (i.e. rule by the Bavarians).
1833, Feb 1 - present
The Government Gazette (Efimeris tis Kyvernisios) was established by a Royal Decree on February 1, 1833. The first issue was printed on February 16, 1833. It is the official gazette of the Greek Government and is available in printed and online versions. No law is valid until it is published in this gazette.
1833, Feb 6 - Oct 24
Spiridon Trikoupis served as the first appointed Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on October 24, 1833, primarily due to the arrest of Kolokotronis, Plapoutas and others in September of 1833.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
English Party 
1833, Feb 8 (20 N.S)
The Drachma officially replaced the Phoenix as the currency of the Kingdom of Greece. It became official by a Royal Decree entitled "On the Regulation of the Monetary System." The Drachma was originally proposed a decade earlier in July of 1822 and reintroduced in 1832.
1833, Apr 4 - 1858, Aug
The Royal standard for use on ships was adopted by the Kingdom of Greece (ΦΕΚ 21/1833). It was used for the majority of Otto's reign. The design of the Royal standard consisted of the national flag in a lighter shade of blue, with the Bavarian arms in the middle of the cross, topped with a gold crown. This version of the Royal standard remained in use until 1858, when it was slightly modified.
1833, Apr 4 - 1858, Aug
The War ensign for use on ships was adopted by the Kingdom of Greece (ΦΕΚ 21/1833). It was used for the majority of Otto's reign. The design of the War ensign consisted of the naval flag in a lighter shade of blue, with the Bavarian arms in the middle of the cross, topped with a gold crown. This version of the War ensign remained in use until 1858, when it was slightly modified.
1833, Apr 6
Adamantios Korais died in Paris. Korais was a Greek scholar credited with laying the foundations of Modern Greek literature and a major figure in the Greek Enlightenment. His activities paved the way for the Greek War of Independence.
1833, May 20 - present
The Order of the Redeemer was established by a Royal Decree entitled "On the establishment of an Order of Excellence for the Kingdom of Greece." It is the oldest and highest honor awarded by the modern Greek state. It was decided that an award was needed during the 1829 Fourth National Assembly at Argos.
1833, Jun 1 - 1984, Nov 1
The Gendarmerie was established by a Royal Decree on the day of King Otto's birthday. It was modeled after the French National Gendarmerie and was the largest and most important security force in Greece for 150 years. Its name was eventually changed to the Hellenic Gendarmerie. In 1984, the Hellenic Police would succeed it.
1833, Jul 25 - 1850, Jun 29
The Church of Greece was declared autocephalous by a Royal Decree entitled the "Declaration of the Independence of the Church of Greece." This decision roiled Greek politics for decades. The Ecumenical Patriarchate opposed this unilateral declaration until 1850.
1833, Jul 25 - 1850, Jun 29
After the unilateral declaration of autocephaly by the Church of Greece, the Bishopric of Athens was established, with its jurisdiction covering the prefecture of Athens. In 1850, it will be elevated to a metropolitan rank and renamed.
1833, Sep 7 - 1835, Jun
Theodoros Kolokotronis, Dimitrios Plapoutas and other heroes of the Greek Revolution were arrested and charged with high treason against the King. At their trial, which began in April 1834, all were sentenced to death. Mass protests erupted, forcing the Regency to commute their sentence to life in prison. In June 1835, Otto pardoned them all.
1833, Sep 27 - present
The Hellenic Court of Audit (Elegtiko Synedrio) was established by a Royal Decree and was based on the French Cour des Comptes model. Before the Hellenic Court of Audit, there was the earlier "Accounting and Auditing Council" which was founded in 1829.
​1833, Oct 24 - 1834, Jun
Alexandros Mavrokordatos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on June 12, 1834.

Method:
​Appointed
Political Party:
English Party
1833, Dec 2 - 1862, Jan 10
Neophytus V Metaxas was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until his death on January 10, 1862. He had participated in the Greek War of Independence of 1821 in Thessaly, and in 1828 he was selected by Governor Kapodistrias to sit on a five-member panel to sort out the church's affairs for the new Greek state.
1834 - 1843
​The Palace Square (Plateia Anaktoron) was designed and constructed shortly after King Otto moved the capital of the newly-born Kingdom of Greece from Nafplion to Athens in 1834. A decade later, In 1843, the square's name was officially changed to Constitution Square (Syntagma Square) after a military uprising that took place on 3 September 1843.
1834, May 10 - present
The Central Archaeological Council (Kentriko Arheologiko Symvoulio) was established by Royal Decree. It is the supreme advisory body for all matters pertaining to the protection of antiquities and cultural patrimony in general in Greece.
​1834, Jun 12 - 1835, Jun
Ioannis Kolettis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until he was replaced on June 1, 1835, the day of King Otto's coming-of-age.
​
Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
French Party
1834, Aug 18-1835, Sep 26
Constantius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign. During his reign he took measures against Protestant missionaries, ordering the closure of all of their schools, and the banning of all their printed materials throughout the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Greece and the then British-controlled Ionian islands.
1834, Aug 21 - 1912, Nov
The Principality of Samos was established by the Great Powers as an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire. It succeeded the previous Military-Political System of Samos. The Great Powers felt that Samos could not yet be incorporated with Greece due to ongoing attacks by the Ottoman Empire. The island paid an annual sum of £2700 to the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, Samos was united to Greece.
1834, Oct 16 - present
The Supreme Civil and Criminal Court (Areios Pagos) was established by a Royal Decree. The decisions of the supreme court are final. However, since Greece is a member state of the Council of Europe, cases ruled on by the Greek high court can be appealed to the European Court of Human Rights.
1835, Jun 1 (N.S)
King Otto's coming-of-age took place, resulting in the disestablishment of the Regency Council that was set up by his father, King Ludwig, back in 1832. Otto immediately started ruling in a very autocratic style which resulted in the birth of intense antimonarchist sentiments throughout Greece that plagued his reign.
1835, Jun 1 (N.S) - 1837
Josef Ludwig von Armansperg served as Chief Secretary of State (similar to the Office of Prime Minister) and also Regent of the Kingdom of Greece until he was replaced on Feb 14, 1837. 
​
Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
N/A
1835, Sep 18 - 1873
The Royal Phalanx was formed as a military body composed of veteran officers of the Greek War of Independence. it was honorific in nature. The Royal Phalanx was divided into tetrarchies and the dress of its members was blue and white (as shown in the supplied picture).
1835, Sep 26-1840, Feb 20
Gregory VI was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by Sultan Abdulmejid I due to pressure and threats from British Ambassador John Ponsonby after Gregory issued an encyclical in which he condemned the changes of family law on the Ionian Islands, then under British colonial rule. During his reign, Gregory focused on education and canonical issues.
1835, Sep 30 - present
The Council of State (Symvoulio tis Epikrateias) was established by a Royal Decree. It functions as the supreme administrative court of Greece, and is modeled after the French Conseil d'État. Throughout the years, it was abolished and reestablished on multiple occasions. It was last reestablished on May 17, 1929.
1836 - present
The Arsakeion School was established by the Society of Friends of Education and endowed by great benefactor Apostolos Arsakis. It was further endowed by Baron Michael Tositsas. The school has campuses throughout Greece and also one campus in Tirana, Albania.
1836 c. Mar 20 - 1837
Athanasios Skontzopoulos opened the first modern theatre in Greece. It cost him 2,383 drachmas to build and was the first to function in Greece since antiquity. Initially well-received, the theatre went bankrupt in the winter of 1837 due to competing pressure from foreign operas which were in vogue at that time.
1836, Nov 22
King Otto of Greece married Duchess Amalia of Oldenburg. When she arrived in Greece in 1837, she at first won the hearts of the Greeks, but was eventually a target of harsh criticism due to her political involvement. She did not produce an heir which benefitted the anti-monarchist movements.
1836, Dec 31 - present
The School of Fine Arts (Scholi Kalon Tehnon) was established and is the oldest educational institution in Greece for the development of visual arts. In 1930 it was upgraded to a higher learning school.
1837 - present
Τhe First Cemetery of Athens was established by a Royal Decree entitled "On Cemeteries and Burial of the Dead." It is the most important cemetery in Greece and is the resting place of many national heroes, notable Greeks and philhellenes.
1837, Jan 6 - present
The Archaeological Society of Athens (aka Greek Archaeological Society) was founded as an independent society by Konstantinos Bellios. The organization's raison d'être is to encourage archaeological site excavations, maintenance, care and exhibition of antiquities in Greece.
1837, Jan 21 - present
The National Metsovian Technical University of Athens (aka Athens Polytechnic) was established by a Royal Decree, originally named the Royal School of Arts. It is considered prestigious among engineering schools.
​1837, Feb 14 - Dec 20
Ignaz von Rudhart served as Chief Secretary of State (similar to the Office of Prime Minister) of the Kingdom of Greece until King Otto abolished the position on December 20, 1837. Otto succeeded him.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
N/A
1837, May 3 - present
The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens was founded by King Otto and was initially named as the Othonian University. Since 1932, the university is known as the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
1837, Dec 20 - 1841, Jul
​King Otto personally oversaw Cabinet as the President of the Ministerial Council (similar to the Office of Prime Minister) until July 6, 1841.

Method:
N/A
Political Party:
N/A (Reigning Monarch)
1838 - present
The National Gardens 
(Ethnikos Kipos) was commissioned by Queen Amalia in 1838 and completed by 1840. The gardens were initially named the Royal Gardens until 1975. It was designed by German agronomist Friedrich Schmidt.
1838, Jul 25 - present
The Lycée Léonin, (aka the Leonteio), is a non-profit private school in Athens. It was founded by Catholic cleric Constantine Sargologos and belongs to the Catholic Church. Since 1907 it is run by the Community of the Marist Brothers (Frères Maristes), a group of Catholic monks dedicated to education.

1840's

1840, Jan 6 - 1898
The Boukoura Theatre was founded in Athens by the Italians Iosif Camillieri and Basilio Sansoni. It had 113 seats and a Royal Box. In 1844, it was taken over by Ioannis Boukouras, from where it got its name. The theatre played a major part in modern Greek theatre history.
1840, Feb 20- 1841, May 6
Anthimus IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Princes' Islands by Sultan Abdulmejid I. Although his election was opposed by the Sultan from the very beginning, the Sultan approved his enthronement, setting aside the issues that they had with each other.
1840, Sep 12 - present
The Philharmonic Society of Corfu (also referred to as the Old Philharmonic) was founded and organized on European prototypes. It is the oldest functioning musical educational society in Greece. Its first Artistic Director was Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros, composer of the music of the Greek National Anthem.
1841, Mar 30 - present
The National Bank of Greece (Ethniki Trapeza Tis Ellados) was founded in 1841 in Athens by Georgios Stavros, via a Royal Decree entitled "On the establishment of (a) National Bank" (Official Gazette, no. 6 of March 30, 1841, p. 59). The bank had the privilege of printing Greece's banknotes until 1928.
1841, May 6- 1842, Jun 12
Anthimus V was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his untimely death a year later. During his short term he devoted his time and focus on dealing prudently with Church matters.
1841, Jul 6 - Aug 22
Alexandros Mavrokordatos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on August 22, 1841, on account of his opposition to the King's power in government.
​
Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
English Party
1841, Aug 22 - 1843, Sep
​​King Otto personally oversaw Cabinet as the President of the Ministerial Council (similar to the Office of Prime Minister) until September 3, 1843.

Method:
N/A
Political Party:
N/A (Reigning Monarch)
1842, Jun 14- 1845, Apr 30
Germanus IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned due to his heavy schedule. During his reign, he founded the Halki Seminary in 1844 (which functioned until the Turkish government shut it down in 1971, causing international outrage). Germanus cared for the downtrodden, tended to the poor, founded many churches, libraries, and orphanages.
1842, Jun 28 - present
The National Observatory of Athens (Ethnikon Asteroskopeion Athinon) was established. It was the idea of the Macedonian Greek scholar and astronomer Georgios Vouris. It is the oldest scientific research institutes in Greece.
1843 - present
The Old Royal Palace
(Palaia Anaktora) was the first royal palace of modern Greece. It was designed by architect Friedrich von Gärtner, and completed in 1843. Since 1934, it has housed the Hellenic Parliament.
1843, Sep 3
The '3 September 1843 Revolution' was a very successful uprising by the Hellenic Army in Athens against the autocratic rule of King Otto which resulted in the period of constitutional monarchy and universal suffrage. The leaders of the revolt demanded a constitution and the removal of all Bavarian officials that dominated government.
1843, Sep 3
Dimitrios Kallergis was a leading military figure in the '3 September 1843 Revolution'. In the early morning hours of the uprising, he went to the palace and he threatened and forced the hand of the King to dismiss the current government and to grant a constitution.
1843, Sep 3-19
Andreas Metaxas served as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Greece, in the early days of the 'constitutional era', until the legislative elections of 1843. Otto was forced to appoint Metaxas by Dimitrios Kallergis who had threatened to blow up the palace. 

Method:
Appointed;
Political Party:
Russian Party
1843, Sep 3 - present
The Constitution Square aka Syntagma Square (Plateia Syntagmatos) was formerly known as the Palace Square and is the central square of Athens. It was renamed after King Otto was forced to grant a constitution after the military uprising that took place on 3 September 1843.
1843, Sep 19 - Dec 16
On September 7, the legislative elections of 1843 were announced by the provisional Metaxas government that emerged after the '3 September Revolution' and were scheduled to be held over an extended period from mid-September to mid-December. The Three-Party coalition led by previously appointed Prime Minister Metaxas won 120 of the 243 seats.
1843, Nov 3 - 1844, Mar
The First National Assembly of the Greeks took place (aka the 3rd September National Assembly of Athens). It was tasked with the drawing up a new constitution, and passing new electoral and civic laws. It also reestablished the Senate. The assembly ended on March 18, 1844.
1843, Dec 16 - 1844, Feb
Andreas Metaxas  continued serving as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Greece after the 1843 elections, until his resignation on February 16, 1844, after the First National Assembly lost confidence in the provisional government.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
Russian Party
1844
Music composer Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros wrote the second musical setting to poet Dionisios Solomos' "Hymn to Liberty" in hopes that King Otto would approve it for the national anthem of Greece. The King declined, but awarded Mantzaros. His final rendition in 1861 would eventually become the official music setting of this poem that became the national anthem of Greece in 1865.
1844, Jan 11 - 1922, Sep
During the First National Assembly debates for the new constitution, Ioannis Kolettis proposed the concept of the Megali Idea (Great Idea) which was the goal of uniting all regions that traditionally belonged to Greeks since ancient times into one Greek state. The concept of the Megali Idea lasted until 1922.
​​1844, Feb 16 - Mar 30
Constantine Kanaris served as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Greece, until his resignation on March 30, 1844. The first constitution of the Kingdom of Greece would be voted on during his short term in office.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Russian Party
1844, Mar 18
The first constitution of the Kingdom of Greece was the Constitution of 1844, passed at the First National Assembly of the Greeks. It brought an end to King Otto's autocratic rule, turning the country into a Constitutional Monarchy. Although the new constitution was in force, the King would still over-extend his power, leading to his overthrow in 1862.
1844, c. Mar 18 - Aug 6
Based on the electoral law of March 18, 1844, the first 'constitutional era' legislative elections were held in Greece over a six month period from March to August. The elections took place while Prime Minister Alexandros Mavrokordatos was in office. Although Ioannis Kolettis came in last, he assumed office heading a coalition government with the Russian Party.
1844, Mar 30 - Aug 6
Alexandros Mavrokordatos served as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Greece until August 6, 1844 as a result of losing in the 1844 legislative elections.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
English Party
​1844, Aug 6 - 1847, Jun
Ioannis Kolettis served as the first elected "constitutional Prime Minister" of the Kingdom of Greece, until the legislative elections of June 1847. He formed a coalition government with the Russian Party.
​
Method:
Elected
Political Party:
French Party
1844, Sep 26 - 1863, Oct
In accordance with the first constitution of the Kingdom of Greece, the Senate was reestablished and composed of twenty members. The Senators were appointed for life by the King. In 1862, it ceased functioning and it was abolished on October 7, 1863, during the Second National Assembly of the Greeks.
1844, Oct- 1971 (Closed)
The Halki Seminary was established by Patriarch Germanus IV on the island of Halki (Heybeliada). The seminary was the main school of theology for the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. In 1971, the Turkish government purposely passed a law to shut down the school, causing an international outrage. A campaign to reopen the seminary has been ongoing since then.
1845, Apr 30 - Nov 28
Meletius III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death at the end of the year. Although his reign was short, he was known as being a very merciful man who took his religious obligations very seriously, especially in his dealings with the poor. He changed the process for the election of titular bishops.
1845, Nov 24 - present
The Hellenic Naval Academy (Scholi Dokimon) was established. It is a military university and has the responsibility to educate and suitably train competent Naval Officers for the Hellenic Navy. Foreign nationals are also accepted to study as naval cadets in the academy.
1845, Dec 4 - 1848, Oct 18
Anthimus VI was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. He reconstituted former dioceses that had not functioned for centuries, and issued guidance for the schools under the patriarchate's jurisdiction both inside the Ottoman Empire and outside.
1846 - 1862, Oct 24
The Otto Square (Plateia Othonos) was a square constructed in 1846 in honor of King Otto. A decade earlier, this site was first proposed for the royal palace and slated to have been called "Palace Square" as per the urban plan of 1833. However, the palace was built at what is today's Syntagma Square. Otto Square was renamed to "Omonoia Square" after the King was forced to abdicate on 24 October 1862.
1846, Sep - present
The École française d’Athènes (Galliki Scholi Athinon) was established and is currently the oldest foreign institute in Athens. The school is considered very prestigious and is connected to French philhellenism. The school has been instrumental in many archaeological projects in Greece.
1847, Jan 25
The Mousourika diplomatic row broke out between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire when the Ottoman Ambassador in Athens, Constantinos Mousouros, refused to issue a passport to King Otto's lieutenant, Tsamis Karatassos, due to his previous revolutionary activities in Macedonia.
1847, Apr 4 - Mar 1850
The Don Pacifico Affair was a diplomatic row which occurred after British diplomat David Pacifico was wrongly accused, due to his Jewish faith, of the banning of the Easter custom of the 'Burning of Judas.' A mob destroyed his house due to the false rumors. He demanded the then astronomical amount of 888,736.57 drachmas in compensation. King Otto refused, and a three-year diplomatic row ensued with Britain until 1850.
1847, May 21 - present
The Ionideios School of Piraeus (Ionideios Scholi Peiraia) was founded and is today the oldest school in the port city. It was named after national benefactor Constantine Ionides who donated the then substantial sum of 30,000 drachmas after the Mayor sent a personal letter to him seeking his help to establish schools in the port city.
1847, Jun [day unknown]
Otto dissolved parliament in April after the coalition government disintegrated due to pressure from the ongoing Mousourika diplomatic row with the Ottoman Empire since the beginning of the year. The legislative elections of 1847 were announced for June. Kolettis won a majority of seats and continued on as Prime Minister.
1847, Jun [?] - Aug 31
Ioannis Kolettis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, until his death a few months later on August 31, 1847.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
​Political Party:
French Party
1847, Sep 5 - 1848, Mar
Kyriakos "Kitsos" Tzavelas served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on March 8, 1848.

Method:
Appointed after the death of Prime Minister Ioannis Kolettis.
Political Party:
French Party
​1848, Mar 8 - Oct 15
Georgios Kountouriotis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation in  October 15, 1848.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
French Party
1848, Oct 15 - 1849, Dec
Constantine Kanaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on December 12, 1849.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Russian Party
1848, Oct 19-1852, Oct 30
Anthimus IV was elected a second time as Patriarch of Conantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan. During this reign, he held secret meetings with the Church of Greece which had unilaterally declared itself autocephalous in 1833. On June 29, 1850, Anthimus issued a Synodal Tomos (i.e. church decree) that recognized the Church of Greece as canonical.
1849, Dec 12 - 1850, Oct
Antonios Kriezis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of October 20, 1850.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
English Party

1850's

1850, Jan 6 - mid Mar
During the Don Pacifico diplomatic row (ongoing since 1847), in a bid to bring Greece to her knees for not compensating their diplomat, England blocked the Port of Piraeus in early 1850. A judicial review denied the amount sought by Pacifico (888,736.57 drachmas) and the Greek government was ordered to pay 3,750 drachmas, the assessed value of the damage. The payment ended the blockade.
1850, Jun 29 - present
After years of opposing the autocephaly of the Church of Greece (an issue ongoing since 1833), the Ecumenical Patriarchate issued a Tomos (i.e church decree) and recognized the status of the Church of Greece as autocephalous. However, in accordance with the Tomos, the years 1833 to 1850 were not recognized as canonical.
1850,Sep 2 - present
After the Ecumenical Patriarchate recognized the autocephaly of the Church of Greece, the Bishopric of Athens was elevated to a metropolitan rank and was renamed to Metropolis of Athens (aka Archbishopric of Athens). For decades, it was the sole metropolitan see in the Kingdom of Greece until 1922, when all the episcopal sees throughout Greece were elevated to the same rank.
1850, Oct 20
Otto dissolved Parliament in September and the  legislative elections of 1850 were called for October 20, 1850. The catalyst for this election was the pressure that was put on the government due to the ongoing Don Pacifico diplomatic row which resulted in the blockade of the Port of Piraeus earlier in the year. The sitting Prime Minister, Antonios Kriezis, won a majority.
1850, Oct 20 - 1853, Sep
Antonios Kriezis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of September 23, 1853.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
English Party
1852, Nov 1- 1853, Sep 16
Germanus IV was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death the following year. During his second term, he continued focusing on the Halki Seminary that he founded a decade earlier during his first reign. He also devoted his time on issues that related to the poor.
1853, Sep 23
The legislative elections of 1853 took place during heightened tension in Greek-Turkish relations due to ongoing hostilities between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The hostilities between the two empires led to the eventual outbreak of the Crimean War in October. The sitting Prime Minister, Antonios Kriezis, won a majority.
1853, Sep 23 - 1854, May
​Antonios Kriezis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until he was forced to resign on May 16, 1854, two days after the English and French occupied Athens and Piraeus.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
English Party
1853, Sep 24-1855, Sep 21
Anthimus VI was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by his rivals who complained to the Ottoman Porte. During his second reign he continued focusing on educational issues.
1853, Oct 16 (N.S) - 1856
The Crimean War was fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (aided by western allies), resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Greek Legion fought in Russia. Greece, seeing an opportunity, invaded Ottoman-held areas. The British and French reacted and penalized Greece for its territorial aspirations and occupied Athens and Piraeus in May of 1854 for three years.
1854,  Jan 15 - May
The Epirus Revolt of 1854 occurred when Epirote Greeks unsuccessfully revolted against Ottoman rule in Epirus as the Crimean War was being fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Key leaders: Theodoros Grivas, Kitsos Tzavelas and many notables.
1854, Feb 2 - May
The Thessalian Revolt of 1854 occurred when Thessalian Greeks unsuccessfully revolted against Ottoman rule in Thessaly as the Crimean War was being fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Key leaders: Hristodoulos Hatzipetros, Katarahias, Zitouniatis and many notables.
1854, mid Feb - Jun
The Macedonian Revolt of 1854 occurred when Macedonian Greeks unsuccessfully revolted against Ottoman rule in Macedonia as the Crimean War was being fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Key leaders: Theodoros Ziakas, Tsamis Karatasos and many notables.
1854, May 14 - 1857, Feb
During the initial stage of the Crimean War, King Otto saw an opportunity for territorial expansion and invaded Ottoman-held areas, in support of Greek rebel uprisings. The  Greeks were penalized in May of 1854 by the English and French with the Anglo-French occupation of Athens and Piraeus, which exerted a political and economic toll on Greece for three years.
1854, May 16 - 1855, Sep
​Alexandros Mavrokordatos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on September 22, 1855. 

Method:
Appointed (English pressure removed PM Kriezis)
​Political Party:
English Party
1855, Sep 21 - 1860, Jul 5
Cyril VII was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned due to pressure and opposition by the Bulgarian Orthodox against the Patriarchate. This opposition lasted from the 1850's to 1870. Cyril tried to calm the situation by enthroning Bulgarian hierarchs throughout Bulgarian-speaking areas, but that failed when in Easter of 1860, Bulgarian hierarchs refused to commemorate the Patriarch in some of their churches.
1855, Sep 22 - 1856, Nov
Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of November 6, 1856.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
French Party
1856, Oct 12
The 1856 Heraklion earthquake, also known as the Crete and Rhodes earthquake, occurred on the morning of October 12 at 02:45 am local time. It was a very catastrophic earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7.7 to 8.3. The earthquake killed over 600 and felt throughout the region.
1856, Nov 6
The legislative elections of 1856 took place under great strain as two issues were at hand - that of the continued Anglo-French Occupation of Athens and Piraeus since 1854 which tested the economy, and the cholera epidemic brought to Greece in the same period by the French occupying forces. The sitting Prime Minister, Dimitrios Voulgaris, won a majority.
1856, Nov 6 - 1857, Nov
Dimitrios Voulgaris continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on November 13, 1857.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
​Political Party:
French Party
1857-1859
Between 1857 and 1859, UK, France and Russia created the International Financial Commission of Inquiry, a commission whose goal was reporting Greece's capability of repaying the debt of 1833. It did not have control of the economy, and was restricted to an advisory role only. The result of the commission was the payment of ₣900,000.
1857, Jan - 1905
The Greek Steamship Company (aka the Hellenic Steam Navigation Co.) was the first steamship company in modern Greece. Established on the Aegean island of Syros, the company provided transportation links within Greece and to Europe and the Middle East. The company went bankrupt in 1905.
1857, Nov 13 - 1859, Oct
Athanasios Miaoulis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of October 29, 1859.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
​N/A
1858, Jan - present
The Greek Evangelical Church (Elliniki Evaggeliki Ekklisia) was established by Michael Kalapothakis, the publisher of the 'Star of the East', an Evangelical magazine. The first church building was completed in 1871. Today, the church has over 30 congregations with over 5,000 adherents.
1858, Aug 28 - 1862, Oct
The Royal standard for use on ships was modified and adopted for use in the latter years of King Otto's reign (ΦΕΚ 41/1858). The new design modified the proportions of the original Royal standard, including a minor adjustment to the shade of blue, the arms, and the golden crown. It ceased to be used when King Otto was forced to abdicate the throne in October of 1862.
1858, Aug 28 - 1862, Oct
The War ensign for use on ships was modified and adopted for use in the latter years of King Otto's reign (ΦΕΚ 41/1858). The new design modified the proportions of the original Royal standard, including a minor adjustment to the shade of blue, the arms, and the golden crown. It ceased to be used when King Otto was forced to abdicate the throne in October of 1862. 
1859, May 10
​The Skiadika was the first student protest in Greece. It occurred after students started wearing locally made straw hats to help the Greek economy, an act that angered importers of expensive European hats. The importers ordered a  group of agitators to go to a park where the students congregated, and fights broke out. False rumors blamed the King for the ensuing police crackdown.
1859, Sep 1 - Oct 29
The legislative elections of 1859 were announced on August 1 and took place over a two month period between September and October during a period of student unrest against the King. The sitting Prime Minister Athanasios Miaoulis won a majority.
1859, Oct 29 - 1861, Jan
Athanasios Miaoulis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of 1861 on January 16, 1861.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
​N/A
1859, Nov 15 - 1875
The Zappas Olympics, simply called the Olympics at the time, were a series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece, in 1859, 1870, and 1875 sponsored by Greek businessman Evangelos Zappas. These games inspired the revival of the modern Olympic games which would take place decades later in 1896.

1860's

1860 - present
The Varvakeio High School (Varvakeios Scholi) was founded by benefactor Ioannis Varvakis, who donated a big part of his fortune to the state, in order to build a public, fee-less high school. Today it is located in Psychiko, Athens. Many notable and prominent Greeks in various fields are alumni of this school.
1860, Oct 4 - 1863, Aug 18
Joachim II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his resignation due to pressure from his rivals. During his reign, he excommunicated many rebellious Bulgarian hierarchs who opposed the Patriarchate in an ongoing issue since the 1850's. In 1862, as the American Civil War was raging, he published his position in the "Anatoliko Astera" newspaper against the institution of slavery, and also condemned the Confederate States of America.
1861 - present
Gustav Clauss established the Achaia Clauss winery in Patras, Peloponnese. It is the oldest winery in Greece and a tourist attraction. It is well known for the production of Demestica and Mavrodaphne wines.
1861
Music composer Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros was approached by the Minister of the Military and asked to rewrite the musical setting of the "Hymn of Liberty" as a marching band song. Four years later in 1865, both the poem and the musical setting were adopted as the national anthem of Greece via Royal Decree.
1861, Jan 16
The legislative elections of 1861 took place after King Otto dissolved Parliament on November 16, 1860. The previously elected sitting Prime Minister Athanasios Miaoulis won a majority and continued serving. Otto's dissolution of Parliament was one of the main reasons that anti-monarchist sentiment and revolts commenced throughout Greece in both 1861 and 1862.
1861, Jan 16 - 1862, May
Athanasios Miaoulis continued serving as Prime Minister of Greece until his resignation on May 26, 1862, in the aftermath of the anti-monarchist revolt in Nafplion and Syros.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
N/A
1861, Sep 6
University student and staunch anti-monarchist Aristeidis Dosios, attempts to assassinate the Queen of Greece. He was tried and sentenced to death, but the Queen pardoned him and his sentence was commuted to life in prison. The government fully pardoned him after the King was overthrown in October of 1862.
1862, Jan 13 - Aug 2
Michael IV Apostolidis (aka Misael) was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until his death on August 2, 1862. Years earlier, he raised funds, founded educational foundations, taught at various schools and opened orphanages throughout Greece to aid the new state. A few months before his death, he inaugurated the Metropolitan Cathedral.
1862, Feb 1 - Mar 24
The Nafplion Uprising (Nafpliaka) was a military revolt that took place at Nafplion with the aim of overthrowing King Otto. It was headed by Petros A. Mavromichalis, Dimitrios Botsaris and Dimitrios Grivas. The Nafplion Uprising was the largest of the anti-monarchist revolts throughout Greece in 1862.
1862, Feb 28 - Mar 3
The Syros Uprising
(Exegersi stin Ermoupoli) was a revolt that took place at Ermoupoli, Syros, and was part of a series of anti-monarchist revolts that took place in Greece throughout 1862 with the aim to overthrow King Otto. This revolt is considered second in importance to that in the city of Nafplion.
1862, May 21
The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Annunciation was inaugurated. Construction had began twenty years earlier in 1842 with King Otto and Queen Amalia laying the cornerstone. It is referred to as the "Metropolis" and is the cathedral church of the Archbishopric of Athens and all of Greece.
1862, May 26 - Oct 11
Ioannis "Gennaios" Kolokotronis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until October 11, 1862 (23 N.S), due to the formation of a provisional government during the '23 October 1862 Revolution'.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
N/A
1862, Aug 8 - 1873, Jul
Theophilus Vlahopapadopoulos was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until his death on July 1, 1873. Although he did not have a deep religious education, he was very merciful towards poor families who he substantially aided with both sums of money and goods. On 22 August, 1868, he baptized the first heir to the Greek throne, Constantine I.
1862, Oct 23 (N.S)
The '23 October 1862 Revolution' (11 Oct O.S) was a popular insurrection which started a week earlier in Vonitsa, western Greece, while the King and Queen were visiting the Peloponnese. The revolts quickly spread throughout Greece and led to the overthrow of King Otto of Greece.  Anti-monarchist revolts had been ongoing since February 1862.
1862, Oct 23 (N.S) - 1863
Following the overthrow of King Otto, a provisional government was announced and led by Voulgaris, Kanaris and Roufos. They announced the overthrow of Otto in the Government Gazette one day earlier on October 22 (Oct 10 O.S), on the day the revolt had reached Athens and published it on October 27 (Oct 15 O.S). It was tasked with holding a National Assembly to draw a new constitution and to elect a new monarch.
1862, Oct 23 (N.S) - Nov
Dimitrios Voulgaris served as the President of the Provisional Government of Greece until the legislative elections of November 24, 1862.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
French Party
1862, Oct 24 (N.S)
King Otto and Queen Amalia were forced to leave Greece as a result of the '23 October Revolution' which took place the day before. From Greece, the royal couple headed to Venice. Greeks celebrated the overthrow, while the chaos from the ongoing revolts immediately ended. Anti-monarchist sentiments had plagued Otto's reign, reaching a boiling point in 1859.
1862, Oct 24 (N.S) - Pres
After King Otto was forced to abdicate, the former Otto Square was renamed to Omonoia Square. It was named "omonoia" (peace) after opposition political factions came to the square and gave the oath for peace to end all the hostilities which were ongoing since February of 1862 which led to the forced abdication of the King. Today, the area is a busy shopping area.
1862, Nov 19 - 1863, Feb
The 1862 Greek Head of State Referendum took place over a protracted period to elect a new King. Although 95% of Greeks supported Prince Alfred of the UK, the Great Powers refused and, instead, after further deliberations, Prince William of Denmark was chosen. He would reign as George I.
1862, Nov 24-27
The legislative elections of 1862 took place after King Otto was overthrown as a result of the '23 October 1862 Revolution'. Dimitrios Voulgaris was elected Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Greece.
1862, Nov 27 - 1863, Feb
Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Greece until February 9, 1863, when the National Assembly lost confidence and ousted him due to political infighting during the "February Events" (3rd to 13th) of 1863 between Kanaris, Voulgaris, and Roufos.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
French Party
1862, Dec 10 - 1864, Oct
The Second National Assembly of the Greeks convened in the aftermath of the overthrow of King Otto. The Assembly's main results were the election of George I as King of the Hellenes and the adoption of a new constitution. The Second National Assembly ended in October of 1864. Ministerial resignations in the middle of the National Assembly sparked the "February Events" in 1863.
1863, Feb 3-13
The Fevrouariana (the February Events) was a serious political event that occurred in the aftermath of the King leaving Greece, which divided the Greek public into two camps. The February Events were triggered when during the Second National Assembly a few Ministers resigned, sparking chaos. General Dimitrios Grivas (pictured) occupied key positions in the streets of Athens on the 8th of February, and the next day, the Voulgaris government fell.
1863, Feb 9-13
Aristeidis Moraitinis served as a transitional Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Greece for a few days until February 13, 1863, when the National Assembly held a vote and elected a new government on the last day of the "February Events."
​
​Method:
Appointed​
Political Party:
Russian Party
1863, Feb 13 - Mar 25
Zinovios Valvis served as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Greece until the National Assembly lost confidence and ousted him on March 25, 1863, due to the economic damage and fallout that resulted from the "February Events" (3rd to 13th).

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent
1863, Mar 27 - Apr 19
Diomidis Kyriakos served as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Greece until his resignation on April 19, 1863.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent

1863-1913 (Reign of King George I)

1860's

1863, Mar 30
George I, born Prince William Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, assumed the Greek throne at the age of 17 and was King of Greece until his assassination in 1913. Unlike Otto who reigned only as the "King of Greece", George and his successors reigned as the "King of the Hellenes", a title meant to encourage the still-enslaved Greeks outside of the kingdom's borders.
1863, Apr 29 - Jun 19
Benizelos Roufos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until he was dismissed on June 19, 1863 due to the Iouniana events. 
​
Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
French Party
1863, Jun 18-20
The Iouniana (June events) was a bloody political dispute between the supporters of the English Party, against supporters of the French and Russian Parties. It resulted in 200 dead and 500 wounded. The dispute came about after France demanded a very high compensation for a French citizen who was beat up in Greece, with the two sides at odds in this regard. The Prime Minister was dismissed.
1863, Jun 21 - Oct 18
Benizelos Rufos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on October 18, 1863. He was asked to form government on June 21, 1863 by the Second National Assembly, after having been dismissed days earlier due to the Iouniana events.

Method:
Appointed (Incumbent)
Political Party:
French party
1863, Sep 20 - 1866, Dec 4
Sophronius III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned. He issued a Synodal Act in 1866 that united the dioceses on the Ionian Islands to the Church of Greece, and also rectified an issue in Romania in which the ruler, Alexandros Kouzas, had previously decided to appropriate lands belonging to the Church.
1863, Oct 25 - 1864, Mar
Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on March 5, 1864, after the National Assembly lost confidence in his government.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
French Party
1863, Dec 28 - 1924, Mar
In a Royal Decree issued by King George I, the flags of Greece were redefined. On the state flag, the royal crown was added in the middle of the white cross. In March of 1924, the royal crown was removed from the state flag when the monarchy was abolished. This version of the state flag with the royal crown reappeared when the monarchy was restored in 1935.
1863, Dec 28 - 1924, Mar
In a Royal Decree issued by King George I, the flags of Greece were redefined. On the naval flag, the royal crown was added in the middle of the white cross. In March of 1924, the royal crown was removed from the state flag when the monarchy was abolished. This version of the naval flag with the royal crown reappeared when the monarchy was restored in 1935.
1863, Dec 28 - 1913, Mar
​In a Royal Decree issued by King George I, the flags of Greece were redefined. On his personal Royal standard, the emblem of the state and the coat of arms of the royal family were added in the middle of the white cross. This flag was discontinued in March of 1913, the day the King was assassinated.
1864 - present
Johann Karl Fix (German: Fuchs) established the Fix Brewery. It is the oldest brewery in Greece. For one hundred years, they held a total monopoly on beer in the Greek market. The company went bankrupt in 1983 and revived in 2009.
1864, Mar 5 - Apr 16
​Constantine Kanaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until April 16, 1864, when the government fell having lost the confidence of the National Assembly.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Russian Party
1864, Mar 29 (N.S)
The Treaty of London of 1864 resulted in Great Britain ceding the United States of the Ionian Islands to Greece. The Treaty of London was signed by Greek delegate Charilaos Trikoupis on March 29, 1864. The islands were officially ceded two months later in May.
1864, Apr 16 - Jul 26
Zinovios Valvis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until July 26, 1864, when the National Assembly asked Constantine Kanaris to form government.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent
1864, May 21 (N.S)
The Ionian Islands were officially reunited with Greece. British Foreign Secretary Palmerston decided to cede the islands two years earlier in 1862 at a Cabinet meeting. Britain departed from the islands weeks earlier on May 2, 1864, retaining use of the port of Corfu.
1864, Jul 26 - 1865, Feb
​Constantine Kanaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until February 9, 1865, when he was replaced. During Kanaris' term, the National Assemly passed the Constitution of 1864. 

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Russian Party
1864, Nov 17
King George I signs into law the new Constitution of 1864 which was drafted during the Second National Assembly. This constitution transferred power to the Parliament. The King from this point forward would possess power bestowed upon him by the new constitution.
1865-1879
The National Committee
(Ethniko Komitato) was a new Greek political party established by politician Epameinondas Deligeorgis. It was a party composed of young  revolutionaries who helped overthrow King Otto. The party was ideologically independent and unrelated to any of the old political parties.
1865-2007
The Old Acropolis Museum was established. The museum was home to many of the Greek world's ancient relics found in and around the Acropolis of Athens since excavations started. In June 2007 the old museum closed its doors and its antiquities were moved to the new Acropolis Museum in 2009.
1865-1913
The Nationalist Party
(Komma Ethnikofronon) was a new Greek political party established by politician Alexandros Koumoundouros and others from the former Russian Party. The party was ideologically right-wing and Monarchist.
1865, Mar 22 - May 4
Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, until the legislative elections of May 4, 1865.
​
Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1865, May 4
The legislative elections of 1865 were the first parliamentary elections held under the new Constitution of 1864. The previously appointed sitting Prime Minister  Koumoundouros won a majority, winning 95 of the 170 seats and continued serving.
1865, May 4 - Oct 11
Alexandros Koumoundouros continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on October 11, 1865.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1865, Jun 24 - present
The Parnassos Literary Society (Philologikos Syllogos Parnassos) was established by the family of numismatist Pavlos Lambros to contribute to the social, spiritual and moral improvement of the Greek people through its events.
1865, Aug 4
Dionisios Solomos' poem "Hymn to Liberty" was adopted as the national anthem of Greece via a Royal Decree. The music setting of the national anthem was written by Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros. In 1966, the poem and music setting was adopted by Cyprus as the national anthem by order of the Council of Ministers.
1865, Oct 20 - Nov 3
Epameinondas Deligeorgis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until November 3, 1865, when he abruptly resigned due to the heavy handed tactics of one of the King's Royal courtiers against a student uprising.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
National Committee
1865, Nov 3-6
​Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his abrupt resignation days later on November 6, 1865, due to feeling that he did not have the King's support.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
​French
1865, Nov 6-13
Alexandros Koumoundouros served as the Kingdom of Prime Minister of Greece until November 13, 1865, when his government abruptly fell a week later after he lost the confidence of Parliament.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party 
1865, Nov 13-28
​Epameinondas Deligeorgis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until November 28, 1865, when his government abruptly fell weeks later he lost the confidence of Parliament.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
National Committee
1865, Nov 28 - 1866, Jun
​Benizelos Roufos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until June 9, 1866, when the extraordinary session of Parliament ended.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
French
1866, Jun 9 - Dec 18
​Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on December 18, 1866, due to the election of a rival as Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
​French
1866, Aug 21- 1869, Jan
The Cretan Revolt of 1866-1869 (also known as the Great Cretan Revolution) was a three-year uprising in Crete against Ottoman rule resulting in an Ottoman-Egyptian victory on January 20, 1869.
1866, Nov 8
During the Cretan Revolt of 1866-69, the Holocaust of Arkadi occurred as Ottoman forces besieged the Arkadi Monastery. Around 259 Greek rebels and 700 women and children perished when the Abbot set fire, as planned, to the packed gunpowder vaults to die as free Greeks instead of Ottoman slaves.
1866, Dec 18 - 1867, Dec
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on  December 20, 1867, due to the ongoing Cretan issue.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1867, Feb 10- 1871, Jun 10
Gregory VI was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned. During Gregory's second reign he dealt with various Church issues, most important of all, the decision of the rebellious Bulgarian hierarchs who unilaterally promulgated the Bulgarian Exarchate, a de facto autocephalous Church that was created via an Ottoman Firman (decree) in contravention to Orthodox canon law.
1867, Aug 14
The Greek-Serbian Alliance of 1867 (i.e. the Treaty of Vöslau) was a military alliance treaty between Greece and Serbia that was negotiated between Ministers Petros Zanos, Ilija Garašanin and others. This was the first attempt at a Balkan alliance against the Ottoman Empire. The treaty was ratified in June 1868, but never came into effect as Serbian Prince Mihailo was murdered.
1867, Autumn
The Macedonian Rebellion of 1867 broke out in mid 1866 and was suppressed by autumn of 1867. The rebellion aimed at asserting the rights of Macedonian Greeks, as well as to indirectly aid the Cretan Revolt. A short-lived "Free Greece" was declared at Mariovo (today located in modern North Macedonia).
1867, Dec 20 - 1868, Jan
Aristeidis Moraitinis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on January 25, 1868, due to a conflict with King George.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent
1868, Jan 25 - Mar 24
​Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative election March 21-24, 1868.

Method:
Appointed​ 
​Political Party:
​French
1868, Mar 21-24
The legislative elections of 1868 took place over a four day period. The previously appointed sitting Prime Minister Dimitrios Voulgaris and his French-Russian coalition slate emerged as the largest bloc, winning 114 of the 184 seats. Voulgaris continued serving.
1868, Mar 24 - 1869, Jan
Dimitrios Voulgaris  continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on January 25, 1869, on account of his refusing to sign the 1869 document of the Paris conference in which it was stipulated that Greece was not allowed to intervene in Crete militarily.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party: 
French
1868, Aug 22 
On the day of the Crown Prince Constantine's baptism, King George I issued a decree that all future heirs would bear the title "Duke of Sparta." This was supported by the government, but it ran counter to the constitution which forbade the award or acceptance of titles of nobility for Greek citizens. A political debate ensued due to disagreement.
1868, Sep 17 - 1967
After a month of political debate, the King's decree to issue the title "Duke of Sparta" for the heir to the throne was approved by parliament with 98 votes in favour, 2 abstentions, and 26 against. However, the official use of the title was quickly dropped in Greece where Greeks preferred the term "heir to the throne." The title was widely used outside of Greece and unofficially by the Greek Royal Family until 1967.
1868, Dec 12 - present
The Presidential Guard
(Proedriki Froura) was established initially as the "Agema" by a Royal Decree. It was reorganized on numerous occasions and has been known as the Presidential Guard since 1973.
1869-1875
The Lavreotika (Laurium issue) was a stock market scandal after the French-Italian company "Roux - Serpieri - Fressynet CIE" and the government disagreed regarding the exploitation rights of the company at the mines at Lavrion. Thousands of investors went bankrupt when they purchased hyperinflated shares based on false rumors in regards to the mineral deposits.
1869, Jan 25 - May 16
Thrasyvoulos Zaimis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of May 16, 1869.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
English
1869, Feb 27 - present
British entrepreneurs founded Athens – Piraeus Railways (SAP), a steam locomotive railway, which connected the Port of Piraeus with Athens. Today the system is known as Athens Metro (Metro Athinas). Line 1 opened as a conventional steam railway in 1869 and was electrified in 1904. In 1991, Attiko Metro S.A. constructed and extended Lines 2 and 3.
1869, May 16
The legislative elections of 1869 took place. The previously appointed sitting Prime Minister Thrasyvoulos Zaimis and his supporters emerged as the largest bloc, winning a majority 100 of the 187 seats. Zaimis continued serving.
1869, May 16 - 1870, Jul
Thrasyvoulos Zaimis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until July 9, 1870, due to the international outcry from the Dilessi murders in March of 1870. 

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
English

1870's

1870, Mar 29
The Dilessi murders were committed in 1870, when one Italian and three English aristocrats were murdered at Dilesi, in Boeotia, Central Greece, by Greek brigands while touring the area near Marathon. The four were killed in a botched robbery and extortion attempt. The events triggered a crisis between Greece and Great Britain.
1870, Jul 9 - Dec 3
​Epameinondas Deligeorgis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation in  December 3, 1870, due to knowing he would never receive the confidence of Parliament since the King personally selected him behind the backs of others during the summer break.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
National Committee
1870, Dec 3 - 1871, Oct
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on October 28, 1871. During his term, he passed the "Law on the Prosecution of Robbery", as a response to the Dilessi murders. His government would also be tested by the Laurium issue, ongoing since 1869.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1871 - present
The Athens Conservatory 
(Odeion Athinon) was established by the non-profit "Music and Drama Association." It is the oldest educational institution for the performing arts in Greece. The Drama School was also established in the same year on the same premises.
1871, Oct 28 - Dec 25
Thrasyvoulos Zaimis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on December 25, 1871, due to a very weak majority that disintegrated.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
English
1871, Dec 25-27
​Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until December 27, 1871, when King George dissolved Parliament, triggering the legislative elections of February 1872.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
​French
1872, Feb 25
The legislative elections of 1872 took place. Both Koumoundouros and Voulgaris won the same amount of seats (65 each). The previously appointed sitting Prime Minister Dimitrios Voulgaris would continue serving as Prime Minister when the results were announced on March 2, 1872.
1872, Mar 2 - Jul 8
Dimitrios Voulgaris continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on July 8, 1872, due to the palace involving itself in the Laurium issue, ongoing since 1869.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
​French
1872, Jul 8 - 1873, Jan
​Epameinondas Deligeorgis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of January 27, 1873.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
National Committee
1872, Oct 10 - present
The Apollo Theatre
(Theatro Apollon) was inaugurated in Patras.
Construction had started in February of 1871 and funded by local donors. It was designed by German architect Ernst Ziller.
1873 - 1910
The Modernist (aka New) Party (Neoteristikon Komma) is a new Greek political party established by politician Charilaos Trikoupis. The party was ideologically centrist and was centered and organized around the concept of modernization of the political, economic and social life of Greece.
1873, Jan 27
​The legislative elections of 1873 took place. Although the United Opposition won 95 of the 190 seats, the sitting Prime Minister Epameinondas Deligeorgis continued serving as Prime Minister. He won 85 seats and had the support of 10 independents.
1873, Jan 27 - 1874, Feb
​Epameinondas Deligeorgis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on Feb 9, 1874, due to political rival Thrasyvoulos Zaimis being elected to the position of Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
​National Committee
1873, Jul 28 - 1874, May
Antonius Hariatis was elected Metropolitan of Athens until May 15, 1874, when the government opposed and cancelled his election. He made his way to the island of Corfu in order to ensure peace in the church.
1874, Feb 9 - Jun [?]
​Dimitrios Voulgaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of June 1874.

Method:
Appointed
​Political Party:
​French
1874, Jun [?]
The legislative elections of 1874 took place. Although the United Opposition won 96 of the 190 seats, the previously appointed sitting Prime Minister Dimitrios Voulgaris continued serving. He won 94 seats.
1874, Jun - 1875, Apr
Dimitrios Voulgaris continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on April 27, 1875, after a protracted political row broke out between 1874 and 1875 when he had attempted to pass government bills in a manner deemed to be unconstitutional.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
​French
1874, June 8 - 1889, Jan
Prokopius I Georgiadis was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until his death on January 30, 1889. His reign was marred in a Church and Political scandal that broke out in 1875 known as the "Simoniaka" - a bribery scandal by four hierarchs who paid very large sums of money and gifts to a few politicians to interfere in the affairs of the Holy Synod for their own election to head four vacant Metropolises.
1875, Jan 5 - 1885, Sep 6
Asmodaios was Greece's first satirical newspaper. It was founded by satirical writer Emmanuel Rhoides, who had an extremely large following for that era. The newspaper's logo was a mythological Satyr and it was not aligned with any particular political ideology.
1875, Apr 27 - Jul 18
Charilaos Trikoupis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of July 18, 1875.

Method: 
Appointed
Political Party:
New Party
1875, Jul 9 - 1878, Jul 13
The Great Eastern Crisis began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the meddling of international powers and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July of 1878.
1875, Jul 18
The legislative elections of 1875 took place. Koumoundouros and his supporters emerged as the largest bloc winning 80 of the 190 seats. The sitting Prime Minister continued serving until October 1875 because the new Parliament session opened in mid-August where the newly elected politicians had to debate the formation of the next government since there was no clear majority.
1875, Jul 18 - Oct 15
​Charilaos Trikoupis contnued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until October 15, 1867. Parliament had opened in mid-August and debates had to take place to select MPs to form the next government since no bloc emerged with a clear majority.

Method:
Previously appointed; Lost elections; Continued serving until October 15, 1875.
Political Party:
New Party
1875, Aug 11
When the Parliament session opened after the legislative elections in July, King George I introduced from his speech, the procedure for "votes of non-confidence." A form of non-confidence voting had informally been used in the past. This procedure was introduced while the Trikoupis government was in power.
1875, Aug 11 - 1935
The Old Parliament House
(Palaia Vouli) was inaugurated and is located on Stadiou Street in Athens. Construction had started seventeen years earlier in August of 1858. It housed the Parliament of Greece between 1875 and 1935. Since 1960, it houses the National Historical Museum.
1875, Oct 15 - 1876, Nov
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on November 26, 1876, when Parliament voted against a bill for a government loan of 10,000,000 drachmas.

Method:
Elected (1875 elections)
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1876 - present
Estia is a daily newspaper published in Athens. It was founded in 1876 as a literary magazine. In 1894 it transformed into a newspaper, making it Greece’s oldest daily newspaper still in circulation. It is the only newspaper written in simplified Katharevousa. Its political alignment is conservative.
1876, Sep 30 - present
The Athens Stock Exchange (Hrimatistirio Athinon) was founded with the approval of the Koumoundouros government. There are currently five markets operating at ATHEX: regulated securities, regulated derivatives, alternative market, carbon market and OTC market.
1876, Nov 26 - Dec 1
​Epameinondas Deligeorgis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until December 1, 1876, when a non-confidence vote ousted him.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
National Committee
1876, Dec 1 - 1877, Feb
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until February 26, 1877 when a non-confidence vote ousted him.
​
Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1876, Dec 23 (N.S) - 1877
​The Constantinople Conference of 1876-77 of the Great Powers was held in Constantinople until January 20, 1877. The conference took place after various revolts in the Balkans and envisaged a substantial autonomous Bulgaria. The Ottoman government rejected the conference's decisions, which led to the Russo-Turkish War months later.
1877 - 2013
The 6th Infantry Regiment "Himarra" (VI Syntagma Pezikou "Himarra") was one of the most historic units of the Hellenic Army that was formed in Arta, Epirus. The unit fought in the most important wars for the modern Greek state. It was decorated twice and on November 23, 2000, the regiment received the honorific name "Himarra." It was disbanded in 2013.
1877, Feb 26 - May 19
​Epameinondas Deligeorgis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until May 19, 1877, when a non-confidence vote ousted him.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
National Committee
1877, Apr 24 (N.S) - 1878
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 ended on March 3, 1878 and resulted in a Russian coalition victory. The war took place in a period of heightened Balkan nationalism. For the Russians, the plans were to reclaim all its lost territories in the Crimean War and asserting its control in the Black Sea and Balkan region.
1877, May 19-26
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until May 26, 1877, when the coalition he had formed with other party leaders disintegrated.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1877, May 26 - Sep 2
​Constantine Kanaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece. He died of a heart attack on September 2, 1877 while serving. A successor was not immediately chosen and his ministers served until the government fell in January of 1878.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent
1877, Jun 10 - present
The Hellenic Red Cross
(Ellinikos Erythros Stavros) was established in Athens. It was an initiative brought forward by Queen Olga and is today the largest non-governmental organization in Greece with a wide network of volunteers.
1878
The Grande Bretagne luxury hotel opened in Athens. It was originally a house in 1842 that was owned by wealthy Greek businessman Antonis Dimitriou. In 1874, it was bought by Efstathios Lampsas who restored it with an 800,000 drachma loan and renamed it as the "Grande Bretagne." It opened to the public in 1878.
1878, Jan 11 - Oct 21
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on October 21, 1878, due to a political dispute about the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, which had ended months earlier in March, but which had a continued political effect on his term. During his term, a delegation was sent to the Conference of Berlin in June 1878.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1878, c. mid Jan
The Cretan Revolt of 1878 was an insurrection of the Cretan Greeks against the Ottoman Empire as the Russo-Turkish was being fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The insurrection was part of Crete's independence movement ongoing since the mid-17th century. This revolt resulted in wide-ranging concessions for the Cretan Greeks at the Pact of Halepa in October 1878.
1878, Feb - 1878, Mar 4
The Epirus Revolt of 1878 was an uprising of the Epirote Greeks against the Ottoman Empire as the Russo-Turkish was being fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The revolt failed due to various reasons including the unwillingness of the Greek government to openly support the initiative even though they saw it as an opportunity.
1878, Mar 3 (N.S)
The Treaty of San Stefano of 1878 was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. One of Russia's goals was an enlarged Bulgaria which alarmed Greece, Britain and France and never implemented. Months later in July, the Treaty of Berlin would replace this treaty.
1878, Mar 3 (N.S)
The Macedonian Rebellion of 1878 broke out on February 19, 1878 (O.S) by Macedonian Greek rebels in opposition to the Treaty of San Stefano's plan of the annexation of Macedonia by Bulgaria. The revolt ended in winter, but Greek opposition to Bulgarian annexation of Macedonia was widely reported.
1878, May 4
The Battle of Mouzaki of 1878 was a battle fought in the region of Thessaly by Greek irregulars under the cover support of the Hellenic Army against Ottoman forces, resulting in a short-lived Greek victory. The Ottomans eventually brought an end to the rebellions in the area which were ongoing since the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878.
1878, Jul 13 (N.S)
The Treaty of Berlin reversed most of Russia's extreme territorial goals as per the previous Treaty of San Stefano. This treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria.
1878, Oct 15 (N.S) - 1889
The Pact of Halepa was signed after the Cretan Revolt of 1878 and gave Crete wide-ranging autonomy in the affairs of the island. The treaty was enforced until 1889 when it was abrogated by Shakir Pasha, resulting in yet another uprising.
1878, Oct 21-26
Charilaos Trikoupis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until October 26, 1878, when a non-confidence vote ousted him.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
New Party
1878, Oct 26 - 1879, Sep
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of September 23, 1879. 

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1879, Sep 23
The legislative elections of 1879 took place. The coalition ticket of Koumoundouros and Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 100 of the 207 seats. The previously appointed sitting Prime Minister Koumoundouros would continue serving.
1879, Sep 23 - 1880, Mar
​Alexandros Koumoundouros continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his government resigned on March 10, 1880, after Parliament voted against a military reform bill. During his term, he held meetings with the Ottoman Empire for the expansion of the Greek borders, due to Greek rebellions that occurred in Ottoman-held areas in 1878.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
Nationalist Party

1880's

1880, Mar 10 - Oct 13
Charilaos Trikoupis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his government resigned on October 13, 1880, due to the election of a rival as Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
New Party
1880, Oct 13 - 1881, Dec
​Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of December 20, 1881.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1881 - present
The American School of Classical Studies at Athens was established with the purpose of the study of Greek culture from antiquity until today. It is one of seventeen foreign archaeological institutes in Greece.
1881, Apr 3
The 1881 Chios earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 occurred at 13:40 local time. It caused severe damage on the island of Chios and also affected the coast of Turkey. There were an estimated 7,866 casualties.
1881, Apr 16 - present
The Salamis Naval Base
(Navstathmos Salaminas) was established by a Royal Decree. It is the largest naval base of the Hellenic Navy and is located in the northeastern part of Salamis Island. The previous Naval Base had been on the island of Poros since the Greek War of Independence.
1881, Jul 2 (N.S)
The Convention of Constantinople of 1881 was signed between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire resulting in the cession of the majority of the region of Thessaly and a part of southern Epirus (the Arta Prefecture) to Greece. ​
1881, Dec 20
The legislative elections of 1881 took place. The supporters of Charilaos Trikoupis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 125 of the 245 seats. He would assume office on March 3, 1882. This election was also open to all those in the newly ceded region of Thessaly. It was also the first time that two Muslims sat in Parliament.
1881, Dec 20 - 1882, Mar
Alexandros Koumoundouros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until March 3, 1882, when the election results were announced.

Method:
Previously appointed; Continued for a few months until the results were tallied in Thessaly​
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1882-1898
Epi Ta Proso was an anarchist newspaper published in Patras. It was founded by anarchist A. Eymorphopoulos. In 1896, it changed ownership and was published for the next two years by an anarchist collective known as "Free Socialists."
1882-1921
The Akropolis was a newspaper published by Vlasis Gavriilidis in Athens. It played a major role on the  Greek language question (i.e. purist versus demotic use of Greek in society). A 1901 article resulted in the deaths of eight people during the Gospel Riots after the paper published the Gospel of St. Matthew in modern Greek.
1882-1962 (present)
Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways (SPAP) was a Greek railway company which connected Piraeus and Athens to the Peloponnese. In 1954, it was nationalized and a decade later in 1962, it was absorbed by Hellenic State Railways.
1882 - present
The National Historical Museum (Ethniko Istoriko Mouseio) was established in Athens by the Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece and exhibits the history of Modern Greece. From 1960, the museum is permanently housed in the Old Parliament Building.
1882, Mar 3 - 1885, Apr
​Charilaos Trikoupis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until April 7, 1885, when a non-confidence vote ousted his government as a result of five taxes and duties that were introduced, enraging the Greek public. New legislative elections were called for April 7, 1885. 
​
Method:
Elected (1881 elections); He took office after the results from Thessaly were tallied
Political Party:
New Party
1883 - present
The Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Arheologiko Mouseio Irakliou) was established by the Association of Friends of Education in Heraklion, Crete and contains the most notable collection of artefacts of the Minoan civilization of Crete.
1884, Mar 25 - present
The General Hospital of Athens "Evaggelismos" was inaugurated. It was officially opened to the public on April 16, 1884. Construction had started three years earlier in 1881 and was a project led by architect Gerasimos Metaxas. It is the largest hospital in Greece.
1884, Apr 22 - 1955 (Pres)
The Thessaly Railways was inaugurated by King George I. Construction started in 1882 under the general management of chief engineer Evaristo de Chirico. It operated the railway network of Thessaly and Pelion. In 1955, it was absorbed by the Hellenic State Railway.
1884, Nov - 1887
The 1884–1887 French military mission to Greece was invited to the country by the government of Charilaos Trikoupis to reorganize the Hellenic Army, parallel to a French naval mission for the Royal Hellenic Navy. It was headed by Brigade General Victor Vosseur.
1884, Dec - 1890
The 1884–1890 French naval mission to Greece was invited to the country by the government of Charilaos Trikoupis to reorganize the Hellenic Navy, parallel to a French military mission for the Royal Hellenic Army. It was headed by Rear Admiral Laurent Joseph Lejeune
1885-1907
The Asty was a satirical newspaper published by cartoonist Charalambos Anninos. It was published after the first satirical newspaper Asmodaios ceased publication. It was not aligned with any particular political ideology. From 1890, the newspaper took on a serious tone.
1885-1937
The 2nd Cavalry Regiment (II Syntagma Ippikou) was a historic cavalry regiment of the Hellenic Army. It participated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 in Thessaly, as well as in the Asia Minor Campaign of 1919-1922. After the war it remained garrisoned in Macedonia and Thessaly and disbanded in 1937.
1885 - present
The Epigraphical Museum
(Epigraphikon Mouseio) was established. It is a unique museum and the largest of its kind in the world with a collection of over 14,000 inscriptions which cover the period from early historical times to the Late Roman period, primarily from Greece.
1885, Apr 7
The legislative elections of 1885 took place. The supporters of Theodoros Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 170 of the 245 seats.
1885, Apr 19 - 1886, Apr
Theodoros Deligiannis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on April 30, 1886. During his term he lowered some of the taxes introduced by the previous government.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
Nationalist Party 
1885, Jun 26 - present
The 1st Infantry Regiment "Sangarios" (I Syntagma Pezikou "Saggarios") was established in Athens via a Royal Decree. It fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. Throughout its history, the regiment disbanded twice. It was re-established in 2013 and is now headquartered in Florina, Macedonia, in northern Greece.
1886 - present
The Anatolia College (also referred to as American College) is a private educational institution located in Pylaia, a suburb of Thessaloniki, Greece. It was founded by American Missionaries and was originally located in Merzifon, in the Amasya region in Pontus, Asia Minor (modern Turkey).
1886 - present
Museum of Anthropology
(Anthropologiko Mouseio) was established at the University of Athens. The museum was initially established as part of the university's medical school in the department oh histology. In its early days, the museum's emphasis was on research rather than a venue for public displays.
1886, Apr 30 - May 9
Dimitrios Valvis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece in a short-lived, caretaker government until May 9, 1886. Valvis, a Supreme Court judge, was asked to form this government by the King until such time that a suitable Prime Minister was found.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
N/A (Judge)
1886, May 9 - 1887, Jan
​Charilaos Trikoupis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of January 4, 1887.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
New Party
1886, Jul 10 - present
Peloponnisos Newspaper was established by Dionysios Vasileiadis in Patras. It is the largest and most important daily newspaper in western Greece.
1886, Aug 27
The 1886 Peloponnese earthquake with a magnitude of between 6.8 and 7.3 occurred at 23:27 local time at Messenia. It caused extensive damage killing up to 600 people. The tremors were felt in Egypt and Malta.
1887, Jan 4
The legislative elections of 1887 took place. The supporters of the sitting Prime Minister emerged as the largest bloc, winning 90 of the 150 seats.
1887, Jan 4 - 1890, Oct
​Charilaos Trikoupis
continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until October 24, 1890, when the results of the elections of October 14, 1890 were tallied. His government undertook major capital projects for the benefit of Greece.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
New Party
1887, Mar 9 - 1917, Dec
The ​Ephimeris Ton Kyrion (Ladies' Journal) was Greece's first feminist newspaper, founded by Kalliroi Parren. It was a publication run entirely by women. The newspaper stopped running in 1917 when Parren was exiled to the island of Hydra by Prime Minister Venizelos due to her anti-patriotic sentiments in regard to Greece's entry into World War One.
1888 - present
The Karelia Tobacco Company Inc. (Karelia) was established by Giorgios and Efstathios Karelia in the city of Kalamata. It is Greece's largest tobacco manufacturer and its products are exported to over 65 countries around the world. The company is listed on the Athens Stock Exchange.
1888 - present
Messiniakos Athelitic Club
(Messiniakos Gymnastikos Syllogos) was founded in the city of Kalamata, in the region of Messenia. It is one of the oldest major Greek multi-sports club in Greece. It adopted a green platanus leaf for its logo in 1921.
1888 - present
Metaxa, a smooth-tasting Greek amber spirit, was created by Spyros Metaxas in 1888. His goal was to create a spirit that was not harsh to the palate, as most spirits were at that time. Its taste comes from the combination of Muscat
wines from the island of Samos, Mediterranean botanicals and aged wine distillates.
1888, Dec 15 - 2011 (pres)
The Patras-Kyparissia Railway (Sidirodromiki Grammi Patras-Kyparissia) was inaugurated and connected Patras, Pyrgos and Kyparissia. It is owned by the Hellenic Railway Organisation. Since 2011, passenger traffic on most of the line was suspended, except for two sections of the railway.
1889
The Cretan Revolt of 1889 took place after Shakir Pasha abrogated the Halepa Pact of 1878. The revolt lasted for eight months. After suppressing the revolt, the Ottoman Turks went on a violent campaign of reprisals against the Cretan Greeks.
1889 - present
The Hellenic Military Geographical Service (Geographiki Yperisia Stratou) was established, originally as the Geodetic Mission, changing to its current name in 1926. It is the Hellenic Military's mapping agency and It supports both the Greek Army and the general public with cartographic products.
1889, Jul 17 - 1896, Jan
Germanos II Kalligas was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until his death on January 18, 1896. Although many hierarchs in the Holy Synod had opposed his election, his reign is considered historic as he brought order to the Church and created many foundations to help the poor. His main concern during his short reign was  philanthropy at all levels.

1890's

1890, Sep 14 - present
The Panionios Athletic Club of Smyrna (Panionios Gymnastikos Syllogos Smyrnis) was established in Smyrna, Asia Minor (i.e. Izmir, Turkey) under its original name "Orpheus." In 1898, it took its current name. It is a multi-sports club that was uprooted in the aftermath of the Greek Genocide. Today, it is located in the Athens suburb of Nea Smyrni. It hosted the Panionian Games between 1896 to 1956.
1890, Oct 14
The legislative elections of 1890 took place. The supporters of Theodoros Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc, with 100 of the 150 seats. He assumed office ten days later after the results were tallied.
1890, Oct 24 - 1892, Feb
Theodoros Deligiannis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until Feb 18, 1892, when King George forced the government to resign, a move which violated the constitution. The King felt that the government was "dangerous."

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1891 - present
The Apollo Athletic Club of Smyrna (Gymnastikos Syllogos Apollon Smyrnis) was established in Smyrna in Asia Minor (i.e. Izmir, Turkey). It is a multi-sports club that was uprooted in the aftermath of the Greek Genocide. Today, it is located in the Athens suburb of Rizoupolis.
1891, Feb 20 - present
Panellinios Athletics Club (Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos) was established in Athens by a group of Athenians. It is one of the oldest multi-sports club in Greece and the oldest in Athens. A men's athletics team was formed and competed in the 1896 Olympics.
1891, Apr 13 - May 20
A protracted anti-Jewish event took place on the island of Corfu. The events started after the death of a young, eight year old Jewish girl. A rumor was started that the girl was not a Jew, but a Christian girl that was killed by a Jew. Due to that rumor, the Jewish community was attacked, resulting in the death of 17 to 22 Corfiot Jews. The military had to restore order on Corfu.
1891, Jun 12 - present
Panachaiki Athletic Club (Panachaiki Gymnastiki Enosi) was established in Patras, Achaia by Ioannis Kritikos. It is one of the oldest multi-sports club in Greece. Over its history it merged with the Athletic Company of Patras, a rival sports club founded in 1894. In 1923 the two clubs merged.
1892, Feb 18 - Jun 10
Konstantinos Konstantopoulos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until June 10, 1892, when the results of the legislative elections of May 3, 1892 were tallied. 

​Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1892, May 3
The legislative elections of 1892 took place. The supporters of Charilaos Trikoupis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 160 of the 207 seats. Trikoupis assumed office a month later on June 10, 1892, after the results were tallied.
1892, Jun 10 - 1893, May
​Charilaos Trikoupis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on May 3, 1893, due to a political disagreement with King George regarding a much-needed loan, as Greece was headed towards bankruptcy.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
New Party
1893 - 1953
The Bank of Athens (Trapeza Athinon) was established in Athens and operated until 1953 when it merged with National Bank. Its main sector it served was heavy industry and trade with branches in countries with a large Greek population - Turkey, Egypt, UK and USA.
1893, Mar 6 - present
Kerkyraikos Athletic Club (Kerkyraikos Gymnastikos Syllogos) was established on the island of Corfu and is a multi-sports club. It was a founding member of the Hellenic Amateur Athletics Association and it also played a role during the organizing of the Olympics of 1896.
1893, May 3 - Oct 30
Sotirios Sotiropoulos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until October 30, 1893, when his government resigned since Trikoupis still held a majority. During his term, the government secured a loan on May 30, 1893 for £4,000,000.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent
1893, Jul 25
The Corinth Canal is completed connecting the Gulf of Corinth to the Saronic Gulf. Modern construction started in 1881, but the idea of the Corinth Canal goes back to the 7th century BC.
1893, Oct 23
The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) (aka VMRO) was a Bulgarian revolutionary organization founded in Thessaloniki pursuing Bulgarian territorial aspirations during the latter years of the Ottoman Empire.
1893, Oct 30 - 1895, Jan
​Charilaos Trikoupis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on January 12, 1895, due to pressure from the debt crisis that gripped Greece. Earlier in his term he cancelled the previous government's loan, and on December 10, 1893, in parliament he famously stated the line: "Unfortunately, we are bankrupt."

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
New Party
1894-1896
The Hamidian massacres were massacres of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. The estimated casualties are considered to be between 80,000 to 300,000. The massacres also extended to the other Christian communities (mainly Assyrians and to a lesser degree Greeks) as well.
1894 - present
Ouzo Plomari company was founded by Isidoros Arvanitis at Plomari, on the island of Lesbos. It manufactures ouzo, a dry anise-flavored aperitif. It is a historic ouzo company in Greece and exports its products to more than 40 countries.
1894, Apr 20 & 27
Two earthquakes seven days apart with a magnitude of 6.4 and then 6.9 caused widespread damage in Atalanti area. 
Media reported 255 deaths.​
1894, Oct 22 - present
The Peiraikos Association (Peiraikos Syndesmos) is a multi-sports club located in Piraeus, Greece. It was originally founded as a musical gymnastics club. The association was founded in anticipation of the scheduled 1896 summer Olympics.
1894, Nov 12 - 1899
The National Society
(Ethniki Etairia) was a secret Greek organization founded by a number of young officers. Its aim was to revive the morale of the country and to prepare for the liberation of Greeks still under Ottoman rule. Its rhetoric was blamed for the Greek loss in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and was forced to disband in 1899 by Prime Minister Theotokis.
1894, Nov 24 - present
​The Hellenic Olympic Committee was founded in Athens. It is the governing Olympic body of Greece and is the second oldest Olympic committee in the world, next to France. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1895. Its founding was linked to the revival of the Olympics.
1895-1964
The Neo Phaliron Velodrome was a sports arena in the Neo Faliro District of Piraeus, Greece, used for the cycling events at the Athens 1896 Summer Olympics. It became the home of two sports clubs: Ethnikos Piraeus in 1923 and Olympiacos SFP in 1925. In 1964, it was enlarged and renamed to Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium.
1895 - present
The Athens Lawn Tennis Club (Omilos Antisferisis Athinon) is a multi-sports club that is located in Athens, Greece. The club hosted tennis events during the 1896 Summer Olympics and during the 1906 Intercalated Games.
1895, Jan 12 - May 31
Nikolaos Deligiannis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece in a caretaker government until May 31, 1895, when the results of the April 16, 1895 elections were tallied. 

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
N/A (Diplomat)
1895, Apr 16
The legislative elections of 1895 took place. The Supporters of Theodoros Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 150 of the 207 seats. He assumed office on May 31, 1895, after the results were tallied.
1895, May 31 - 1897, Apr
Theodoros Deligiannis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until April 18, 1897, when pressure from the Cretan Revolt and the Greco-Turkish War (both in 1897), pushed the King to force the government to resign, a move which violated the constitution. 

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1895, Sep 3 - 1896, Aug
The Cretan Revolt of 1895-1896 broke out due to the ongoing slaughter of the Cretan Greeks by the Ottomans, since the Pact of Halepa was abrogated in 1889. By late spring of 1896, the violence forced France and the United Kingdom to move a naval force to Cretan waters. To end the violence, consuls of the European powers proposed a new Cretan constitution in 1896 which was accepted by all sides.
1896 - present
​The Deutsche Schule Athen
(Germaniki Scholi Athinon) is a co-ed kindergarten, elementary school and high school in Marousi, Athens, Greece. The school was founded by architect and archeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious private schools in Greece.
1896 - present
The Panethanic Stadium (aka Kallimarmaro) was renovated a second time since it was unearthed in 1869. First traces of this ancient stadium dating from 330 BC were found in an excavation in 1836. The renovations increased the capacity from 30,000 to 80,000. The stadium was used during the 1870 and the 1875 Zappas Olympics, and also for the 1896 Summer Olympics.
1896, Apr 6-15 (N.S)
The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. The games were organized by the International Olympics Committee and held in Athens. The Greeks ranked second and won 10 Gold, 18 Silver and 19 Bronze medals.
1896, Apr 8-21
The Laurium Mining Strike was a very violent strike by 1,800 disgruntled miners that occurred at the mines of Laurium. During the strike, four workers were murdered by security guards, setting off a worker revolt and the reprisal killings of all but one of the security guards. The strike took place because miners wanted better working conditions and a very small wage increase.
1896, Jul - 1896, Nov
The Macedonian Rebellion of 1896-1897 was an uprising by Macedonian Greeks meant to solidify Greek claims in the region of Macedonia against the Bulgarian claims of the VMRO.

Key Leaders:
Athanasios Broufas, Lazaros Varzis and others.
1896, Oct 11 - 1901, Nov
Prokopius II Oikonomidis was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until November 8, 1901, when he was forced to resign by King George and others due to the Evangelika incident (Gospel Riots), when a modern translation of the gospel of St. Matthew was published in the Akropolis newspaper, resulting in a riot and deaths. Although he had verbally approved the translation, it was not brought to the attention of the Holy Synod.
1897, Jan - 1898, Oct
The Cretan Revolt of 1897-1898 broke out months after the end of the Cretan Revolt of 1895-1896. This revolt was instigated after an Ottoman Turkish mob killed the Greek public prosecutor. In February of 1897, Greece intervened and in April, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Greece. In October of 1898, Britain and the European powers ordered the withdrawal of all Ottoman troops, resulting in a proclamation of an autonomous Cretan State a few months later.
1897, Jan 17 - present
The Hellenic Amateur Athletics Association (Syndesmos Ellinikon Gymnastikon Athlitikon Somateion - SEGAS) was founded after twenty eight amateur sports clubs met to establish a governing body for amateur sports in Greece. The catalyst for the founding of this sports body were the Summer Olympics held the previous year in 1896.
1897, Mar 19 - present
The 1st Infantry Division "Smyrni" (I Merarhia Pezikou "Smyrni") was founded in 1897 in Larissa, Thessaly, as an infantry division. It is a historic and elite unit of the Hellenic Army and has fought in major conflicts in which Greece has been involved. It disbanded on multiple occasions and was last re-established in 1974. It is currently headquartered in Veroia, Macedonia.
1897, Mar 19 - present
The 11th Infantry Regiment "Argyrokastro" (XI Syntagma Pezikou
"Argyrokastro") was founded in 1897 in Larissa, Thessaly, as part of the 2nd Infantry Division's 4th Brigade. It disbanded during WWII and was re-established in 1945. Since 1965, it has been headquartered in Tripoli, Arcadia, in the Peloponnese.
1897, Apr 18 (N.S)
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire until May 20, 1897. It's immediate cause was Crete. Although the Greeks lost the war and had to pay reparations, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established in 1898 as a result of the intervention of the Great Powers after the war.
1897, Apr 18 - Sep 21
Dimitrios Rallis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until September 21, 1897, when a non-confidence vote ousted him. During his term, negotiations for peace with the Ottoman Empire was the main item on the agenda.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Third Party
1897, Sep 21 - 1899, Apr
Alexandros Zaimis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until April 2, 1899, after the results of the February 7, 1899 elections were tallied. During his term, a peace treaty was signed with the Ottoman Empire.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​Nationalist
1897, Oct 24 - present
The 2nd Mechanized Infantry Division (II Mihanokiniti Merarhia Pezikou) was established in Athens via Royal Decree in the aftermath of the disastrous Greco-Turkish War of 1897. It fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1945, headquartered in Edessa, Macedonia in northern Greece.
1897, Oct 24 - 2013
The 4th Infantry Brigade (IV Taxiarhia Pezikou) was established in Athens via Royal Decree in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 as part of the 2nd Infantry Division. It fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded on multiple occasions and served until 2013.
1897, Dec 4 (N.S)
Following the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty that was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece. Among other terms, the Ottomans agreed to promote Crete as an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty. The suzerainty would prove to be ineffective.
1898, Feb 23 - 1965
The International Financial Control was established by European lending powers in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 in which Greece had to pay £4,000,000 in war reparations to the Ottoman Empire. The control was exercised by a six-person commission, the International Financial Commission to enforce the terms of the loan and it was abolished in 1965.
1898, Dec 9 - 1908, Sep
The autonomous Cretan State was proclaimed in the aftermath of the Cretan Revolt of 1897-1898. It was garrisoned by an international force after Ottoman forces were kicked out. The state was proclaimed four months after a Muslim Cretan mob massacred Greek Cretans, the British Vice-Consul and his family, and British soldiers in Candia. In 1908, Cretan politicians declared unilateral union with Greece.
1898, Dec 9 - 1908, Sep
Upon the founding of the autonomous Cretan State, the Ottoman Empire adopted a new flag for Crete. Its main design was based on the national flag of Greece with the top left quarter in red with a star, representing the Ottoman Empire. Cretans ceased using this flag in 1908 when Cretan politicians unilaterally declared union with Greece.
1899, Feb 7
The legislative elections of 1899 took place. Although Charilaos Trikoupis died in 1896, his supporters emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, with 110 of the 235 seats. His successor, Georgios Theotokis, assumed office on April 2, 1899, after the results were tallied.
1899, Apr 2 - 1901, Nov
Georgios Theotokis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until November 12, 1901, after his government resigned due to pressure from the Evaggelika incident on September 9, 1901, which turned the people against the government.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
​New Party
1899, Sept 30 - 1919
The Bank of Crete was established by the Cretan government following the proclamation of the autonomous Cretan State. The bank was assisted with a loan of 10 million drachmas by the National Bank of Greece and other European lenders. The Greek government gave them the authority to issue banknotes. The bank was acquired by the National Bank of Greece in 1919.

1900's

1900
Bulgaria promoted the expansionist map of "Macedonia" (a.k.a. "Greater Macedonia") designed by Bulgarian “ethnographer” Vasil Kŭnchov to serve the hegemonic interests of the Bulgarian Principality.
1900, Spring
The Antikythera wreck was a Roman-era shipwreck dating to the first century that was accidentally found off the island of Antikythera by sponge divers while their ship was enroute to North. Aside from statues and other ancient artefacts, the most famous find was the Antikythera mechanism, a hand-powered orrery.
1900, Jun 28 - present
The National Gallery
(Ethniki Pinakothiki) was established by A Royal Decree entitled "On the Establishment of a National Gallery". The idea of this gallery was based on the will of lawyer Alexandros Soutzos twenty years earlier who had left his personal numismatic and art collection to the state.
1901, Sep 9 - Nov 8
The Evangelika incident (the Gospel Riots) took place in the streets of Athens, and was a protest against the Akropolis newspaper's publication of a modern Greek translation of the gospel of St. Matthew. Eight people were killed, and the Orthodox Church reacted by banning all translations of the bible into any form of modern Greek.
1901, Nov 12 - 1902, Nov
Alexandros Zaimis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until November 24, 1902, when the results in the legislative elections of November 17, 1902 were tallied. 

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​Nationalist
1902-1923
The Yeni Mosque (Yeni Cami) was built in the city of Thessaloniki by Italian architect Vitaliano Poselli for the religious needs of the Dönmeh community, crypto-Jewish converts to Islam. After the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the building was converted into the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki until 1962 and today it serves an exhibition hall.
1902 - present
Titan Cement Group was established by Nikolaos Canellopoulos and two others in Elefsina, Attica, producing cement and a wide array of building material. The company is headquartered in Brussels with offices around the world. Titan employs over 5,000 people.
1902, Nov 17
The legislative elections of 1902 took place. The supporters of Theodoros Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 110 of the 235 seats. Riots immediately broke out when the King refused to swear in the newly elected government.
1902, Nov 17-23
The Sanidika riots took place when on the day of the legislative elections, the King attempted to interfere with the results, wanting to form his own hand-picked government, as opposed to those who won the elections. The supporters of Deligiannis immediately commenced a riot in Athens which ended when King George finally asked Deligiannis to form government.
1902, Nov 17 - 1917, Oct
Theoclitus I Minopoulos was elected to his first term as the Metropolitan of Athens until October 11, 1917, when he was forced to resign via an Ecclesiastical Court order due to his unilateral involvement in the political affairs of the state and his outspoken opposition and public 'anathemas' of Eleftherios Venizelos.
1902, Nov 24 - 1903, Jun
​Theodoros Deligiannis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until June 14, 1903, when a non-confidence vote ousted him.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1902, Dec 7 - 1943, Sep 13
The Municipal Theatre of Corfu (Dimotiko Theatro Kerkyras) was the main theatre and opera house on the island of Corfu until 1943. It was one of the premier theatres and opera houses in Greece, and was the first theatre in southeast Europe. In 1943, it was destroyed by the Nazis in an aerial bombardment by the Luftwaffe.
1903, May 2 - present
The Delphi Archaeological Museum (Arheologiko Mouseio Delfon) is one of the most important museums in Greece and one of the most visited. It houses on two floors and fourteen rooms the discoveries from the Late Helladic (Mycenean) period to the early Byzantine era.
1903, Jun 14 - Jun 28
Georgios Theotokis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until June 28, 1903, when the government resigned due to economic pressures from a farmers protest in Elis, Peloponnese, Greece.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​New Party
1903, Jun 28 - Dec 6
Dimitrios Rallis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on December 6, 1903. During his term, a bill was passed to reorganize the military, and the Oresteiaka riots took place. 

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Third Party
1903, Aug 2 (N.S) - Nov
The Ilinden Uprising was a Bulgarian uprising in Ottoman-held Macedonia carried out by the IMRO, resulting in an Ottoman victory by November 1903. Aside from revolting against the Ottoman Empire, the Bulgarians destroyed the Greek community at Krushevo.
1903 Summer/Autumn
The Hellenic Macedonian Committee (Ellinomake-donikon Komitaton) was a Greek organization formed in 1903 with the aim of liberating Ottoman-held Macedonia. It organized the guerrilla 'Makedonomachoi' fighters sent to Macedonia during the Macedonian Struggle.
1903, Nov 6-9
The Oresteiaka (Oresteia riots) took place after Greek language purists rioted in Athens when modern Greek was used in the theatre performance of the ancient Greek tragedy Oresteia. Two people were killed after soldiers shot bullets towards the rioters to disburse them.
1903, Dec 6 - 1904, Dec
Georgios Theotokis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until December 16, 1904, when a non-confidence vote ousted his government, due to poor economic policies.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​New Party
1904-1908
The Greek Struggle for Macedonia (Makedonikos Agonas) was part of a broader rebel war between Greeks and Bulgarians in Ottoman Macedonia, ongoing since the early 1890's. Greek efforts in Macedonia gave confidence to Greece which resulted in an intent to liberate and annex Greek-speaking areas in the region.
1904 - present
The Archaeological Museum of Delos (Arheologiko Mouseio Dilou) is a museum on the island of Delos, in the south Aegean. It is noted for its extensive collection of statues unearthed in the surrounding area of the ancient site, which has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
1904 - present
​The Hellenic Army General Staff (Geniko Epiteleio Stratou) was established. It is the general staff of the Hellenic Army, the ground force component of the Hellenic Armed Forces. Since 1950, it became subordinate to the Hellenic National Defence General Staff.
1904 - present
The Hellenic Army Veterinary Service (Ktiniatriki Ypiresia Stratou) was established. It is an independent unit of the Hellenic Army that focused on the health of the army's horses. It operated animal hospitals especially in periods of war, and more recently the service plays a role in veterinary public health.
1904, Oct 13
Pavlos Melas was killed in the early days of the Greek Struggle for Macedonia. He was killed in Statista (now Melas), Macedonia, after being surrounded by Ottoman forces. After his death, Greek fighters intensified their efforts in Macedonia.
1904, Oct 16 - present
The Athletic Association Anagennisis Karditsa (Athlitikos Syllogos Anagennisis Karditsas) was founded. It is a Greek multi-sport club based in Karditsa, Thessaly. The statute of the club was signed personally by Crown Prince Constantine I.
1904, Dec 16 - 1905, Feb
​Theodoros Deligiannis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, until the legislative elections of February 20, 1905.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1905, Feb 20
The legislative elections of 1905 took place. The supporters of the previously appointed sitting Prime Minster Thedoros Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 144 of the 235 seats. Deligiannis would continue serving.
1905, Feb 20 - Jun 12
​Theodoros Deligiannis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until June 12, 1905, when he was assassinated after leaving Parliament. During his term, he implemented rigorous measures on gambling houses. 

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Party:
Nationalist Party
1905, Mar 10 - Nov 
The Theriso Revolt was an insurrection led by Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos against the local government of the autonomous Cretan State, resulting in some political changes. The dispute was over the question of Crete's union with Greece. Prince George was forced to resign his post as High Commissioner and was replaced by former PM Zaimis. In 1906, a new constitution was drafted.
1905, Mar 25
​The Athletic Association Diagoras (Gymnastikos Syllogos Diagoras) was founded by eighteen Rhodian Greeks during the period of late Ottoman occupation. It is a Greek multi-sport club based on the island of Rhodes. During the Italian fascist occupation of Rhodes, they were forced to dissolve between 1929-1945.
1905, Jun 12
Prime Minister Theodorοs Deligiannis was ambushed and assassinated on the steps of Parliament by professional gambler Antonios Gerakaris in revenge for the rigorous measures implemented by the government against gambling houses.
1905, Jun 12 - Dec 8
Dimitrios Rallis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until December 8, 1905, when the coalition government disintegrated.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Third Party
1905, Dec 8 - 1906, Mar
Georgios Theotokis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until the legislative elections of Mar 26, 1906. Upon assuming office, he set out to reform and restructure the Hellenic Military.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​New Party
1906 - present
The École Française de Thessalonique‎ (Galliko Sholio Thessalonikis) was established in Ottoman-held Thessaloniki, in the Macedonia region. It is a French international co-ed school teaching all levels - kindergarten, elementary and high school.
1906, Mar 26
The legislative elections of 1906 took place. The supporters of the previously appointed Georgios Theotokis emerged as the largest bloc, winning 112 (or 114) of the 177 seats. Theotokis would continue serving.
1906, Mar 26 - 1909, Jul
Georgios Theotokis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until July 7, 1909, when the government resigned after rumors started circulating that the secret Military League was planning a coup. 

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
New Party
1906, Jun - 1908
Months after the elections of March 1906, a group of anti-establishment politicians emerged that proposed radical policies for modernization. In 1907 the group was named "the Japanese" by media due to their ferociousness that mimicked the Japanese soldiers who had fought in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
1906, Jun 11
Antonios Gerakaris was executed by guillotine for the assassination of Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis a year earlier. He was found guilty and sentenced to death during his trial on February 12, 1906.
1907 - 2013, Feb 1
The Commercial Bank of Greece (CBG) (Emporiki Trapeza Tis Elladas) was established in London by Greek banker Gregorios Empedocles. The bank had operations in Greece throughout Europe, the Middle East and other areas. Following the 2010 financial crisis, the bank seized all operations and became part of Alpha Bank.
1907, Feb 8
The Constitution of the Cretan State was drafted as a result of the Theriso Revolt. It remained in force until September 1908, when the Cretans unilaterally proclaimed the island's union with the Kingdom of Greece.
1907, Mar 8
Marinos Antypas, one of Greece's first socialists, was murdered. He was a lawyer and a journalist. After he incited a group of farmers at an estate at Pyrgetos, Thessaly, to stand up for their rights, the estate owner paid the supervisor a sizable sum to murder him. No one was ever arrested. His ideas resulted in a farmers uprising in 1910.
1908 - present
The National Council of Greek Women (Ethniko Symvoulio Ellinidon) was founded by Greek feminist Kalliroi Parren. The council functions as an umbrella organization, uniting the many local women's organizations of Greece. The organization's main focus is education and professional rights.
1908, Feb 3 - present
The Panathinaikos Athletic Club (Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos) was established by Giorgios Kalafatis when he and a group of athletes walked away from the Panellinion Athletics Club. It is one of the most successful multi-sport club in Greece and one of the largest in sport participation in Europe.
1908, Jul
The Young Turks nationalist reformist movement was founded during the last years of the Ottoman Empire. Initially founded to pursue reforms, the Young Turks quickly morphed into an ultra-nationalist movement that pursued policies of ethnic homogenization in Ottoman Turkey, resulting in the genocides of the Greeks, Armenians and Assyrians. Their motto was "Turkey for the Turks."
1908, Sep 24
Taking advantage of the ongoing turmoil within the Ottoman Empire, Cretan deputies declared Crete's unilateral union with the Kingdom of Greece. This unilateral act was not recognized by Greece or by the international community. Although governed under the same laws as the Kingdom of Greece, Crete would be formally united to Greece in 1913, following the Balkan Wars.
1908, Oct
The Military League
(Stratiotikos Syndesmos) was a secret organization that demanded reforms in the military, justice and education sectors. The Military League was instrumental in the Goudi Coup one year later on August 15, 1909.
1908, Nov 29 - present
The Thessaloniki Athletics Club "Iraklis" (Gymnastikos Syllogos Thessalonikis "Iraklis") was established in the city of Ottoman-held Thessaloniki. It is a multi-sport club and the oldest in the region of Macedonia. It purposely took its colors from the Greek flag to show the pride of its players.
1909
The Ottoman Boycott Movement commenced after Cretan deputies declared the unilateral union of Crete to Greece in 1908. One of the aims of the boycott was to remove Greek businesses from from the Ottoman economy. Violence and looting were widespread. The boycott also became a widespread punitive tool used before and during the Greek Genocide years later in Eastern Thrace, Asia Minor and beyond. 
1909 - present
The Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene (Italiki Archaeoologiki Scholi Athinon) was established by Italian researchers. It is one of many foreign archaeological institutes headquartered in Athens with offices in Rome, Crete and Lemnos. The school has conducted major archaeological excavations throughout Greece.
1909, Jul 7 - Aug 15
Dimitrios Rallis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until August 15, 1909, when the Goudi Coup took place.  Due to Rallis' attitude against the coup leaders, King George I was forced to replace him to protect the government.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Third Party
1909, Aug 15 - 1910, Mar
The Goudi Coup was a military coup that was organized by the Military League which started at the barracks in Goudi district in Athens. It was led by Colonel Nikolaos Zorbas. The coup was a pivotal event in modern Greek history, putting an end to the old political system, and ushered in a new period of reforms.
1909, Aug 15 - 1910, Jan
Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until his resignation on January 18, 1910, due to disagreement with the Military League. Under pressure, he passed large amount of legislation during his term.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
N/A (Military League)

1910's

1910, Jan 18 - Aug 8
Stefanos Dragoumis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, until
the legislative elections of August 8, 1910. During his term, the Military League was dismantled on March 20, 1910.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
N/A (Military League / United Parties)
1910, Mar
The Kileler Uprising occurred in Kileler, Thessaly, when local farmers engaged in mass protests against the extended privileges of landowners and the limitation of their own rights. The protest was brutally suppressed by the local militia; more than four protesters were killed and many more were wounded.
1910, Aug 8
The first legislative elections of 1910 took place. The United Parties emerged as the largest bloc, winning 211 of the 362 seats. The previously appointed sitting Prime Minister Stefanos Dragoumis would continue serving. A new politician, Eleftherios Venizelos, was introduced into the Greek political sphere by military leaders and dominated Greek politics for two decades.
1910, Aug 8 - Oct 6
Stefanos Dragoumis continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until Oct 6, 1910, when his government resigned.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent) 
Political Party:
United Parties​
1910, Aug 22 - 1961
The Liberal Party (Komma Fileleftheron) was a major political party that was established by Eleftherios Venizelos. The party went on to dominate Greek politics for a considerable number of years until its decline following the Second World War. In 1961 the party merged with the Centre Union, under the leadership of Georgios Papandreou.
1910, Oct - present
The Scouts of Greece (Soma Proskopon Ellinon) was established. It is the National Scouting Association of Greece. During the Greek Genocide of 1914-1923, the Ottoman Turks massacred many Greek scouts in Asia Minor, the most widely known one being at Aydin on June 17-18, 1919.
1910, Oct 6 - Nov 28
Eleftherios Venizelos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, until the legislative elections of November 28, 1910. The elections were triggered because Venizelos lacked support and asked for the dissolution of Parliament, a move which riled the old political establishment.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Liberal Party
1910, Nov 28
The second legislative elections of 1910 took place. The Liberal Party won 307 of the 362 seats. The previously appointed sitting Prime Minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, continued serving. Many politicians from the old political establishment boycotted these elections in opposition to Venizelos having asked for the dissolution of Parliament.
1910, Nov 28 - 1912, Mar
Eleftherios Venizelos
continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, until the legislative elections of March 11, 1912. During his term, the constitution of 1911 was passed.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Party:
Liberal Party
1911 - present
Lavipharm S.A. was established. It is the largest pharmaceutical company in Greece that develops, manufactures, markets and distributes pharmaceutical, cosmetic, veterinary and consumer health products in Greece and internationally.
1911 - present
The Lyceum Club of Women (Lykeion ton Ellinidon) was established by Greek feminist Kalliroi Parren, with a central philosophy of the right to education, work and the goal of preserving and spreading Greek cultural heritage. The lyceum has branches both inside and outside Greece.
1911, Jan - 1914, Aug
The 1911–1914 French military mission to Greece was called to Greece by the government of Eleftherios Venizelos to reorganize the Hellenic Army, parallel to a British naval mission for the Royal Hellenic Navy. Its reforms contributed to the Greek army's successes during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.
1911, May-Jun
The Greek Constitution of 1911 was a major step forward in Greece's constitutional history. The constitution afforded new civil, political and human rights. For the first time, education was free and mandatory for all. It also declared "Katharevousa" (an archaising "purified" Greek) as the official language.
1912, Mar 11
The legislative elections of 1912 took place. The Liberal Party won 146 of the 181 seats. The previously elected sitting Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos continued serving. Cretan Greek MPs sat for the first time in the Greek parliament. Initially, Venizelos did not allow the Cretan MPs to participate in Parliament, but before the outbreak of the First Balkan War, they were  welcomed triumphantly.
1912, Mar 11 - 1915, Feb
Eleftherios Venizelos
continued serving as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, until his forced resignation on February 25, 1915, due to disagreements with King Constantine. During his term, major events would take place that would shape modern Greece and its political discourse.

Method:
Elected (Incumbent)
Political Party:
Liberal Party
1912, Apr 27 (N.S)
The Dodecanese islands, except Kastellorizo, were occupied by Italy during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912. A decade later, Turkey renounced all claims on the Dodecanese islands with Article 15 in the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923.
1912, Sept - present
The 1/38 National Guard Command "Bizani" (1/38 Dioikisi Tagmaton Ethnofylakis "Bizani") was established in Karditsa, Thessaly. It is an infantry unit that fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded in 1929 and re-established in 1975. It is presently headquartered on the island of Rhodes.
1912, Sept - present
The 4th Infantry Division
(IV Merarhia Pezikou) was established at Naflion, Peloponnese. It is an infantry division that fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1951. It is presently headquartered in Tripoli, Peloponnese.
1912, Sept - present
The 5th Airmobile Brigade "5th Cretan Division" (V Aerometaferomeni Taxiarhia Pezikou "V Merarhia Kriton") was established in Farsala, Thessaly. It is an air assault brigade that fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1951. It is presently headquartered in Chania, Crete.
1912, Sept - 2003
The 6th Infantry Division (VI Merarhia Pezikou) was established in Velestino, Thessaly. It was a very historic infantry unit that fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded in 1941 and re-established in Kavala, Macedonia, in 1946. It was last headquartered in Kilkis, Macedonia, and served until 2003.
1912, Oct 8- 1913, May 30
The First Balkan War involved the actions of the Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire, resulting in Balkan League victory. The Ottoman Empire lost around 83% of their European territories and 69% of their European population.
1912, Oct 9-11
The Battle of Sarantaporo was the first major battle fought between Greek forces under Crown Prince Constantine and Ottoman forces under General Hasan Tahsin Pasha during the First Balkan War, resulting in a Greek victory. Greek forces capture the town of Servia and Kozani, Macedonia.
1912, Oct 18-21
The Capture of Lemnos took place in the north Aegean Sea during the First Balkan War, resulting in the Greek occupation of the island. Greek planners sought to capture this island due to its very strategic location at the Aegean entrance of the Dardanelles Strait. The island's capture cemented Greek control in the north Aegean, cutting off vital Ottoman supply routes.
1912, Oct 19-20
The Battle of Giannitsa was a major battle in the First Balkan War which resulted in a Greek victory. Greek forces captured Giannitsa, Macedonia. This victory was very important and opened the way for the capture of Thessaloniki.
1912, Oct 22-24
The Battle of Sorovich took place as Greek troops headed towards Monastir (Bitola), today located in North Macedonia [sic], resulting in an Ottoman victory during the First Balkan War. By mid November, in the Battle of Monastir, the city came under Serbian control.
1912, Oct 24-30
The Battle of Pente Pigadia was a battle fought between Greek forces under Lieutenant General Kon. Sapountzakis and Ottoman forces under General Esad Pasha. The battle took place in the region of Epirus during the First Balkan War, resulting in a Greek victory.
1912, Oct 26-27
The Liberation of Thessaloniki took place during the First Balkan War. The Ottoman General of Thessaloniki, Hassan Tahsin Pasha, handed over the city to the Greeks unconditionally. King George I and his forces triumphantly entered the city days later on October 29. This very important liberation paved the way for the liberation of the majority of Macedonia one year later.
1912, Oct 31
During the First Balkan War, Justice Minister Konstantinos Raktivan, was assigned the General Administration of the newly liberated territories of Macedonia, Epirus and the islands of the North Aegean Sea.
1912, Nov 21 - Dec 21
The Battle of Lesbos was a prolonged battle in the eastern Aegean Sea during the First Balkan War, resulting in the Greek occupation of the island. Upon landing, Rear Admiral Koundouriotis issued an ultimatum to the Ottoman commander to surrender. Upon their retreat, the Ottomans perpetrated a series of massacres against Greeks, the most notable in Petra.
1912, Nov 24 - 1913, Jan 3
The Battle of Chios was a battle in the eastern Aegean Sea during the First Balkan War, resulting in the Greek occupation of the island. The Greeks gave the Ottomans three hours to surrender, but after the Ottomans had rejected the ultimatum, the Greeks started their offensive by landing at different points of the island. By January, the Ottomans surrendered after they were encircled by Greek forces.
1912, Nov 26-28
The Battle of Driskos was a battle in Ottoman-held Epirus during the First Balkan War, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Initially the Greek forces cleared Ottoman camps in a surprise attack however, after Ottoman forces regrouped, the Greeks were overwhelmed and retreated. Around 200 Italian philhellenes took part in this battle.
1912, Dec 3
The Battle of Elli took place near the mouth of the Dardanelles during the First Balkan War between the fleets of the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire, resulting in a Greek victory. It was the largest sea battle of the Balkan Wars. This victory ensured that the Greeks would be free to liberate the islands of the Aegean Sea.
1912, Dec 16 (N.S) - 1913
The London Conference of 1912-13 held its first session in December to arbitrate between the warring powers of the First Balkan War as to territorial acquisitions. The future of an independent Albania was also determined at the conference by Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany, from territories that were liberated by Serbia, and to a lesser extent by Greece.
1912, Dec 6 (20 N.S)
The Capture of Korytsa took place during the First Balkan War. Although the Ottomans had amassed a massive force of 24,000 troops in order to protect areas to the north of Ioannina, the Greeks very easily pushed them out of Korytsa, which aided in securing the region of Epirus under Hellenic military control. Today, Korytsa (Korçë) is a city located in Albania and home to a large Greek minority community.
1913, Jan 5 (18 N.S)
The Battle of Lemnos was a naval battle during the First Balkan War, resulting in a Greek victory. This was the second and last attempt of the Ottoman Empire to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles, ending Ottoman supremacy of the Aegean Sea.
1913, Jan 11 - present
The 8th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (VIII Mihanopoiimeni Taxiarhia Pezikou) was established in Ioannina, Epirus, after the restructuring of the Epirus Division. It was active mainly in Epirus. It was disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1946. It was initially known as the 8th Infantry Division before being reorganized in 2013.
1913, Jan 11 - present
The 9th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (IX Mihanopoiimeni Taxiarhia Pezikou) was established in Kozani, Macedonia. It is an infantry division that fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1946. It was initially known as the 9th Infantry Division before being reorganized in 1988.
1913, Jan 23
​The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) launched a coup, installed a one-party system, and severely repressed all real and perceived internal enemies of the Ottoman Empire. They escalated the anti-Greek and anti-Armenian violence and pursued demographic policies that forced all Christians away from border areas. The policies implemented by the CUP were precursor events that led to the Greek, Armenian and Assyrian genocides.
1913, Jan 25
A massacre of Greeks was committed at Oikonomeio in Eastern Thrace; 140 Greeks were slaughtered by Ottoman soldiers. The massacre at Oikonomeio is considered the first
documented large scale massacre of Greeks and a precursor event of the Greek Genocide.
1913, Feb 19-21
The Battle of Bizani took place in Epirus and was the last battle fought between Greek and Ottoman forces during the First Balkan War, resulting in a Greek victory. The surrender of the city of Ioannina secured Greek control of southern Epirus and the Ionian coast.
1913, Mar/Apr
​Attacks on Greeks in western Asia Minor by Ottoman authorities intensified with reports of looting, arbitrary arrests, seizure of properties, and expulsions. The Ottoman government drafted plans for the resettlement of Greek towns by Muslim immigrants who were leaving the Balkans and relocating to Asia Minor as the First Balkan War was unfolding. These attacks were a precursor event of the Greek Genocide.
1913, Mar - present
The 10th Infantry Regiment (X Syntagma Pezikou) was established in Veroia, Macedonia. It fought in all conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded on multiple occasions and was re-established in 1946 and is today subordinated to the III Army Corps. It was initially known as the 10th Infantry Division before being reorganized in 2004.
1913, Mar 18
King George I of Greece was assassinated by socialist Alexandros Schinas in Thessaloniki, causing an uproar in Greece, as the King was well-loved for having expanded the country's territory. From a jail cell interview, Schinas maintained he was just walking around town as a "dead man" and killed the King randomly when he saw him in front of him.

1913 - 1917 (First Reign of King Constantine I)

1910's

1913, Mar 18
Constantine I succeeded the throne of Greece following his father's assassination. He would be embroiled in a long drawn rift between 1915 and 1917 with Prime Minister Venizelos in regards to Greece's participation in World War I, which resulted in his abdication in June 1917. 
1913, Apr 30
By the end of April of 1913, the belligerents in the First Balkan War had made substantial gains, resulting in the Ottoman Empire losing most of her European territory. Greece liberated Epirus, most of Macedonia and a few Aegean islands. Although Bulgaria made the largest territorial gains, she was unsatisfied and would start the Second Balkan War in June against her former Balkan League allies.
1913, Apr 30
The Medal for the Greco-Turkish War of 1912-1913
was a campaign medal of Greece established by the Venizelos government by Law 4200 at the end of the First Balkan War against the Ottoman Empire. The medal became official via Royal Decree one year later on February 17, 1914. It was awarded to soldiers who fought from September 18, 1912 to April 30, 1913.
1913, May 6
Alexandros Schinas, the assassin of King George I, died after falling thirty feet out of a window from the Examining Office of the gendarmerie. For weeks on end, he was tortured. The death has remained suspicious with some historians believing he committed suicide due to the torture, while others believe he was pushed out the window.
1913, May 13 - present
​The Cross of Valour was established. Although the award was established in 1913, it was formally issued via Royal Decree in 1921. Up until 1974 it was the highest military decoration, but since then it is the second highest military decoration of the Greek state and awarded for acts of bravery or for distinguished leadership on the field of battle. It was last awarded in 1953. Most recent rendering pictured.
1913, May 30 (N.S)
The Treaty of London of 1913 was signed following the second session of the London Conference of 1912-13, officially ending the First Balkan War. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Turkey's European territory and Crete were ceded to the Balkan allies and the fate of the Aegean islands, Athos and Albania were to be decided by the great powers.
1913, Jun 1 (N.S) - 1924
​The Greek–Serbian Alliance was signed at Thessaloniki in the aftermath of the First Balkan War when both countries wanted to preserve their territorial gains in the geographic area of Macedonia from Bulgarian expansionism. The treaty remained in force until 1924, when it was cancelled by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after Greece and Bulgaria signed the Politis-Kalfov Protocol.
1913, Jun 16 (29 N.S)
The Second Balkan War broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with territorial gains in the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, resulting in a Bulgarian defeat. Romania and the Ottoman Empire also fought Bulgaria in this war. The Second Balkan War ended with Bulgaria's defeat on August 10, 1913.
1913, Jun 19-21
The Battle of Kilkis- Lachanas was a battle that took place during the Second Balkan War between Greece and Bulgaria for the town of Kilkis, Macedonia, resulting in a Greek victory.
1913, Jun 22-23
​The Battle of Doiran was a battle that took place during the Second Balkan War, fought between the Bulgarian and the Greek army at Lake Doiran, resulting in a Greek victory. The lake is located at the border area between Greece and North Macedonia [sic].
1913, Jul 8-18
The Battle of Kresna was a battle that took place between Greece and Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War at the Kresna Gorge, Bulgaria,  resulting in a stalemate. It marked the last phase of the Greek advance into Bulgarian territory before the ceasefire and the following peace treaty.
1913, Aug - present
The 29th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (XXIX Mihanokiniti Taxiarhia Pezikou) was established in Edessa, Macedonia. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1946. It was initially known as the 29th Infantry Division before being reorganized in 2013. Today it is headquartered in Komotini, Thrace.
1913, Aug 10 (N.S)
The Treaty of Bucharest was concluded in the aftermath of the Second Balkan War by delegates of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. It's main function was to set Bulgaria's borders to her neighbors and also amended the previous Treaty of London of 1913.
1913, Aug 16 - present
The III Army Corps (III Soma Stratou) was established in Ioannina, Epirus. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded on multiple occasions and since 2004 it was reorganized and operates as the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Greece (NRDC-GR). The Corps has been based in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, since 1946.
1913, Aug 17 - 2013
The II Army Corps (II Soma Stratou) was established in Athens. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1946. After 1998, the corps functioned as a strategic reserve force, and comprised the Army's special forces and army aviation units, as well as mechanized infantry. It was last headquartered in Veroia, Macedonia, and was disbanded in 2013.
1913, Aug 31 - Oct 25
The Independent Government of Western Thrace was established. It was a small, short-lived unrecognized republic established in western Thrace. After that region was captured by Bulgaria during the First Balkan War, both Greeks and local Muslims petitioned the Ottomans to reoccupy. An autonomous state was declared after a very brief Bulgarian retreat, but it was returned to Bulgaria within months.
1913. Oct 26 - present
Ethnos daily newspaper was published in Athens, founded by Spyros Nikolopoulos. Its political alignment is centre to centre-left, and was a major Venizelist paper during the leadership of Eleftherios Venizelos. Today, the paper only functions online.
1913, Nov - present
The 13th Special Operations Command "Sacred Band" (XIII Dioikisi Eidikon Epiheiriseon "Ieros Lohos") was established in Thessaloniki, Macedonia. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece and is today an umbrella unit of the Hellenic Army's special operation forces. It was disbanded on multiple occasions and is now headquartered in Athens. It was initially known as the 13th Infantry Regiment.
1913, Nov 14
The Treaty of Athens between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece formally ended hostilities between them after the two Balkan Wars. The Ottoman Empire acknowledged Greek gains in Macedonia, Epirus, the Aegean islands, and Greek sovereignty on Crete. Muslims were granted equal rights in the newly acquired Greek territories.
1913, Dec 4 (17 N.S)
The ​Protocol of Florence
was signed which set the border between Albania and Greece. The protocol ceded Northern Epirus to Albania. This decision was rejected by the Greeks of southern Albania. As the Greek army withdrew south, an autonomous local Greek government was established in the city of Argyrokastron (Alb: Gjirokastër). They declared independence months later in February 1914.
1913, Dec 23 - present
The 2/39 Evzone Regiment "Col. Karachristos" (2/39 Syntagma Evzonon "Shs. Karachristos") was established in the sacred town of Messolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1950. Throughout its history it fought in various infantry divisions under various names.
1913, Dec 23 - present
​The 5/42 Evzone Regiment "Delvinaki" (5/42 Syntagma Evzonon "Delvinaki") was established in Lamia, Central Greece, as an elite regiment of Evzones. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded on multiple occasions and today is part of the 80th National Guard Higher Command. Since 2003, the 5/42 is a battalion-sized formation that forms the garrison on the island of Kalymnos.
1913, Dec 23 - 2004
The 11th Infantry Division (XI Merarhia Pezikou) was established in Kozani, Macedonia. It fought in most of the conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded on multiple occasions and was last headquartered in Kavala, Macedonia. The division served until it was disbanded in 2004.
1913, Dec 23 - present
The 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade "Colonel Dialetis Detachment" (XXXIV Mihanopoimeni Taxiarhia "Apospasma Shs. Dialeti") was established in Florina, Macedonia, as a sub-unit of the 2nd Infantry Division. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded in 1941 and is now headquartered in Assiros, Macedonia. From 1999 to 2003, the brigade formed the bulk of the Greek element of KFOR.
1913, Dec 23 - 2013
The I Army Corps (I Soma Stratou) was established in Athens and responsible for covering southern Greece. Since 1962, it was headquartered in Kozani, Macedonia, and was responsible for covering Greece's northwestern borders at Epirus and in Western and Central Macedonia. The Corps was disbanded in 2013.
1913, Dec 23 - present
The IV Army Corps (IV Soma Stratou) was established in Kavala, Macedonia. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It was disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1976 in Xanthi, Thrace. It has been guarding the Greco-Turkish land border along the Evros River and is the most powerful formation in the Hellenic Army.
1914 - present
The Byzantine & Christian Museum (Vyzantino & Hristianiko Mouseio) was established. It houses more than 25,000 exhibits with rare collections of pictures, scriptures, frescoes, pottery, fabrics, manuscripts, and copies of artifacts from the 3rd century AD to the Late Middle Ages. It is one of the most important museums in the world in Byzantine Art.
1914 - present
The General State Archives - GSA (Genika Arheia tou Kratous - GAK) was established. It is a Greek public service with the task of safeguarding and managing the archival material of Greece - i.e. Greek history and cultural heritage as well as the functioning of the Greek state at an administrative, economic and social level.
1914 - present
The Poseidonion Grand Hotel opened on the Aegean island of Spetses. It is an award-winning luxury hotel developed in a neoclassical style by Sotirios Anargiros, a visionary benefactor who was responsible for much of the development of the island.
1914, Jan 12 - Aug 15
The Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Bishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna wrote his first of 42 letters directed to the Ecumenical Patriarch reporting on the ongoing genocide being carried out by Ottoman authorities against the Greeks and the other Christians in western Asia Minor. The date 'January 12' is considered by some researchers a possible symbolic date for the commemoration of the Greek Genocide in its totality.
1914, Feb 17
The Medal for the Greco-Bulgarian War was a campaign medal of Greece established via a Royal Decree after the Second Balkan War. It was a medal awarded to soldiers who fought from February 20, 1913 to July 26, 1913. A slightly different version of this medal was awarded to non-military personnel who rendered services to the Greek military during this period.
1914, Feb 17 (to Feb 28)
The autonomous local Greek government in southern Albania proclaimed the Declaration of Independence of Northern Epirus. It occurred as a result of Northern Epirus being ceded by the Protocol of Florence on December 17 (N.S) of 1913 to the newly established Principality of Albania. The declaration of independence started on February 17, 1914, with every city following suit until February 28, 1914, when the autonomous state was established.
1914, Feb 28 - Oct 27
The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was immediately established in southern Albania by the autonomous local Greek government upon their independence declaration. It was a short-lived, self-governed republic. In May of 1914, its autonomy was recognized by the Protocol of Corfu. Its status within Albania came to an end on October 27, 1914, when the Greek Administration in Northern Epirus was established with Allied permission.
1914, Feb 28 - Oct 27
Georgios Christakis-Zografos was the first and only President of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus. He was the son of entrepreneur and benefactor, Christakis Zografos. He was a career politician in Greece and also held executive roles in a few major companies in Greece.
1914, Mar
Units of the secret police paramilitary force Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa (aka the Special Organization) began an organized attack on Greek towns in Eastern Thrace. Men were arrested and conscripted into the labor battalions, and other residents forced to leave. Greek businesses were confiscated. Greeks that remained were levied high taxation. This was a pre-cursor event of the Greek Genocide.
1914, Mar 25 - present
The Athletic Club Aris Thessaloniki (Athlitikos Syllogos Aris Thess/nikis) was established. It is a Greek multi-sport club based in Thessaloniki and was the first sports club that was founded in Macedonia after the region was liberated during the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. Aris was the first sports club to win the Greek championship in soccer in 1928.
1914, Apr 6
The Greek Genocide commenced when the ongoing persecution of Greeks became systematic in April of 1914 in Eastern Thrace. Entire Greek villages and towns were brutally uprooted. On April 6, around 200 Greek families from Binkılıç (Gr: Strantza) were deported. Although the persecution of Greeks was ongoing for years, historians consider April 6, 1914, the start of the Greek Genocide.
1914, May
During the Greek Genocide, the Greeks of Ayvali and the island of Moschonisi endured almost a decade of persecutions. The final demise of the Greek communities of Ayvali came about in 1922. On Moschonisi, only 2 or 3 girls survived.
1914, May-Jun
During the Greek Genocide, the Committee of Union and Progress organized the 1914 Deportations of Greeks from Eastern Thrace and western Asia Minor of around 150,000 to 300,000 Greeks. Most victims were forced to go to Greece, while around 85,000 were forced into the interior of Asia Minor. These deportations almost caused a war with Greece. Ottoman authorities also employed this method on the Armenian population before and during the Armenian Genocide.
1914, May 17 - 1921, Nov
The Protocol of Corfu was an agreement between the Albanian Government and the Provisional Government of Northern Epirus, which officially recognized Northern Epirus as an autonomous region within the Principality of Albania. The protocol was never fully implemented due to political instability in Albania due to World War I. The Protocol was annulled in November 1921.
1914, May 17
From the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest on August 10, 1913 to the signing of the Protocol of Corfu on May 17, 1914, Macedonia, Epirus, Crete, and a few North Aegean Islands were united to Greece. In Albania, the autonomous North Epirus region was recognized by the Albanian government.
1914, Jun 12
During the Greek Genocide, the massacre at Foça (Gr: Phocaea) was committed. Around 100 Greeks were massacred, resulting in 100,000 Greeks from the surrounding areas to abandon their homes and to seek refuge in Greece.
1914, Jul 28 -1918, Nov 11
World War I (or the Great War) was a global war that broke out. It led to the mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. Greece remained neutral until the latter half of the war in 1917 due to a protracted political dispute (National Schism) between King Constantine and Prime Minister Venizelos.
1914, Sep - 1918 & 1922
During the Greek Genocide, Ottoman authorities began the persecution of Greeks of Macri (Tr: Fethiye) and Livissi (Tr: Kayaköy). In 1922, the remaining Greeks in both towns were forcibly expelled.
1914, Oct 27 - 1916, Sept
The Greek Administration in Northern Epirus was established by permission of the Allies however, they also agreed that the final settlement of the North Epirus issue would have to wait and be dealt with in the post-war future. In March of 1916, the pro-royalist Greek government incorporated the region, but the ongoing National Schism in Greece forced the Allies to change their mind on Greek control of North Epirus altogether.
1914 Dec 31
The General Administration of Macedonia was established. For the first time since classical antiquity, the term ‘Macedonia’ was employed by the Greek state to define once again an administrative region, which from a geographical point of view was almost identical to the ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedon. A small area of the ancient kingdom was liberated by the Serbs and is today over the border in North Macedonia's Pelagonia region.
1915, Jan - 1917, Jun
The National Schism was part of a series of ongoing disagreements between King Constantine I and Prime Minister Venizelos. The tipping point was Greece's participation in WWI. The pro-German King pushed for neutrality, while the Prime Minister pushed for Greece's entry in the war with the Allies. The British enticed the Prime Minister with post-war expansion of Greece in Asia Minor. As a result, Venizelists and the Allies exerted pressure and threats on the King until 1917, forcing his eventual abdication.
1915, Jan 16 - 1973
The Royal Order of George I (Vasilikon Tagma Georgiou A') was a Greek order that was instituted by King Constantine I in honor of his father, George I. The Order had five classes:
​Grand Cross, Grand Commander, Commander, Gold Cross and Silver Cross. It was awarded up until the Greek monarchy was abolished and replaced after the Third Hellenic Republic was proclaimed.
1915, Feb 18 & 20
During the National Schism, Prime Minister Venizelos advised King Constantine to convene the Crown Council. The Prime Minister presented his case for Greece's entry in WWI on the side of the Allies. In the first meeting, some politicians agreed with the Prime Minister, but it was widely opposed by the opposition leader Theotokis, and by the King and the Generals. On the second meeting days later, with the exception of just Metaxas and Theotokis, everyone else agreed with the Prime Minister, but the King still remained opposed.
1915, Feb 19 - 1916, Jan 6
The Gallipoli Campaign was a major military campaign that took place in WWI between the Allies with Russia, and the Ottoman Empire on the Gallipoli, resulting in an Ottoman victory. This campaign was the first major test in the National Schism in Greece and the catalyst for the resignation of Venizelos after having been blocked by the King from sending troops to aid the Allies. The British Minister of Munitions, Lloyd George, had promised Venizelos that Greece's participation in the war would result in territorial gains in Asia Minor.
1915, Feb 25 - Aug 10
Dimitrios Gounaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece after Prime Minister Venizelos was forced to resign by the King, due to their political dispute in the early days of the National Schism, in particular the Gallipoli Campaign. He served until August 10, 1915.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
People's Party​
1915, Mar-Apr
During the Greek Genocide in the months of March and April of 1915, the Greeks of Gallipoli were persecuted. Over 25,000 Greeks were given a few hours' notice to abandon their homes and their businesses and were deported to the interior of Asia Minor upon German orders under the guise of "military necessity" as the Gallipoli Campaign was being fought.
1915, c. April - 1930
The Naval Air Service (Naftiki Aeroporiki Ipiresia) was established. It was the air arm of the Hellenic Navy until 1930. The first aviation units in the Greek Armed Forces were formed in June 1912. In the subsequent Balkan Wars, the Hellenic Navy was the first in military history to use aircraft to track down and bomb the enemy fleet in 1913.
1915, May 31
​The first legislative elections of 1915 took place. The Liberal Party won 187 of the 316 seats. Although Venizelos won the election, the Gounaris government remained in power until August 10, 1915, due to the King suffering from a health issue (pleuritis). Venizelos claimed that his victory was proof that Greeks did not approve of the King's neutrality during WWI.
1915, Aug 10 - Sep 24
​Eleftherios Venizelos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until he was forced to resign by the King a second time due to their ongoing dispute during the period of the National Schism. He served until September 24, 1915.

Method:
Elected; He assumed office months after the May 1915 elections due to the King's health issue.
Political Party:
Liberal Party
1915, Sep 10 - present
The 15th Infantry Regiment (XV Syntagma Pezikou) was established in Thessaloniki, Macedonia. It was formed in response to Bulgaria's mobilization during the early period of WWI. It was disbanded and reorganized on many occasions. It was initially known as the 15th Infantry Division and in 1998 as the 15th Infantry Brigade. It was reduced to the level of a regiment in 2013. Today, it is headquartered in Kastoria, Macedonia.
1915, Sep 10 - present
The 16th Mechanized Infantry Division (XVI Mihanokiniti Merarhia Pezikou was established in Ioannina, Epirus. It was formed in response to Bulgaria's mobilization during the early period of WWI. It was disbanded on many occasions. It was initially known as the 16th Infantry Division and was headquartered for a short period in Argyrokastron, Albania, during WWI. Today, it is headquartered in Didymoteicho, Thrace.
1915, Sep 24 - Oct 25
Alexandros Zaimis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until October 25, 1915, when a non-confidence vote ousted the government, due to a minor quarrel in Parliament between a few Liberal MPs and the Minister of the Military.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​Independent / Coalition of the opposition​
1915, Oct 21 - 1918, Sep
The Macedonian front, also known as the Salonica front (from Thessaloniki), was a military theatre of World War I formed as a result of an attempt by the Allies to aid Serbia, against the combined attack of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. However, this front formation came too late and also with very insufficient forces to prevent the fall of Serbia. The situation was further complicated by the still ongoing National Schism in Greece.
1915, Oct 25 - Dec 6
Stefanos Skouloudis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece in a short-lived, caretaker government until the second legislative elections of December 6, 1915.

Method:
Appointed / Handpicked by the King
Political Party:
N/A
1915, Dec 6
The second legislative elections of 1915 took place after the King dissolved Parliament. The Nationalist Party won 256 of the 335 seats. These elections were boycotted by Venizelos and his Liberal Party. Skouloudis  continued serving as Prime Minister. However, during this period of the National Schism, the Allies intensified their threats against the King and his government to change their stance on Greece's neutrality in WWI.
1915, Dec 6 - 1916, Jun
Stefanos Skouloudis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until June 9, 1916, when the government fell due to intense pressure by the Allied Powers during the period of the National Schism.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
Nationalist Party
1916, Feb - present
The Union of Greek Shipowners UGS (Enosi Ellinon Efopliston EEE) was established. It is a trade association for Greek shipowners. The UGS is headquartered in Piraeus, with offices in Brussels and Washington, D.C. It was established in order to protect and promote the interests of Greek merchant shipping and works closely with the Greek government and the Ministry of Shipping.
1916, Feb 5 - Apr 15
The Trebizond Campaign (Battle of Trebizond) was a battle that took place in World War I in Trabzon, Pontus, Ottoman Empire, resulting in a Russian victory. As a result of the Russian occupation of Trabzon, the Ottoman government intensified the persecutions of the Greeks during the Greek Genocide [ongoing since 1914] by turning their efforts on to the Greeks of Pontus in December 1916.
1916, May 25-26
The Second Bulgarian Occupation of Eastern Macedonia (1916-1918) occurred when the Greek government permitted the surrender of Fort Roupel to German-Bulgarian allies. The surrender was ordered by Deputy Chief of Staff Ioannis Metaxas.  This act of treachery during the latter period of the National Schism led to Venizelos establishing the parallel Provisional Government of National Defence in Thessaloniki, Macedonia.
1916, Jun - present
Rizospastis was published and is the newspaper of the Communist Party of Greece. The paper was founded in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, but in October 1916, the paper moved their office to Athens. In the periods when this paper was banned, it was distributed clandestinely.
1916, Jun 9 - Sep 3
Alexandros Zaimis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until September 3, 1916, when the government fell due to the continuation of intense pressure by the Allied Powers as WWI was raging and during the ongoing National Schism.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​Third Party​
1916, Jul 6 - present
The Piraeus Bank (Trapeza Peiraios) was established and is headquartered in Athens. It is a Greek, multinational financial services company. The bank's shares have been listed on the Athens Stock Exchange (ATHEX) since January 1918. With a 30% market share in loans and 29% in deposits, it is the largest bank in Greece. It was nationalised in 2020.
1916, Aug 7-21
The Serifos Miners Strike was a strike action by the miners at the Serifos mines which resulted in the workers taking control of the island after a fight with the police. During the fight, five workers and four police officers died. One of the demands that was implemented was the establishment of the 8-hour workday for the first time in Greece.
1916, Aug 14 - present
The Eleftheros Typos was published by Alexandros Kavafakis as a Venizelist liberal newspaper in the middle of the ongoing National Schism. Its publisher was murdered by anti-Venizelists in 1922. Today, it is headquartered in Athens and its political alignment is liberalism, center-right and pro-Europeanism.
1916, Aug 16
The National Defence Coup was a military uprising in Thessaloniki by Greek Army officers sympathetic to former Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and the Allied Powers. It was caused due to the King's neutrality as WWI was unfolding; this led to the surrender of Fort Roupel in central Macedonia. The immediate result of this coup was the formation of the Provisional Government of National Defence. 
1916, Aug 17-23 & 17-28
The eastern Struma Operation (August 17-23) and the western Chegan Offensive (Aug 17-28) were part of the Bulgarian army's ongoing offensives in the Macedonia region during WWI. In the east, the cities of Kavala, Drama and Serres were taken. In the west, Florina was taken. The neutralist royal Greek government had allowed these areas to fall by ordering troops to not resist.
1916, Aug 18 - 1919
The Internment of Greek IV Corps at Görlitz took place when officers and soldiers of the IV Army Corps were interned as "guests" of the German Empire, for the duration of WWI. After the neutralist royal Greek government allowed the Germans and Bulgarians to invade, the Greek IV Corps chose to be taken to Germany in order to avoid being taken captives by the Bulgarians. Upon their return, Greeks perceived their actions negatively.
1916, Aug 23 - Nov 29
In August of 1916, Italy was given permission by the Allies to occupy the Northern Epirus region, forcing the Greek army to withdraw its occupation forces. The catalyst for this Allied decision was the ongoing National Schism in Greece. Italy occupied part of Northern Epirus days later in September, and France occupied Korçë
later in November.
1916, Sep 3-27
​Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until September 27, 1916, due to the continuation of intense pressure by the Allied Powers.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​Independent​
1916, Sep 26 - 1917, Jun
The Provisional Government of National Defence was established by Eleftherios Venizelos and his loyal supporters as a parallel administration set up in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, during WWI. This parallel government was formed in opposition to the neutrality pursued by the royalist government in Athens in relation to Greece's entry in the war. In November, the Allies recognized the provisional government as "official."
1916, c. Sept 26 - 1920
The Army of National Defence was founded, in the period of the National Schism, as the military force of the parallel Provisional Government of National Defence, a pro-Allied government led by Eleftherios Venizelos in Thessaloniki, against the royal government of King Constantine I in Athens. By 1917, it was comprised of three infantry divisions that fought in Macedonia and Thrace. It also fought in Asia Minor until 1920.
1916, Sep 27 - 1917, Apr
Spyridon Lambros served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece in a caretaker government until April 21, 1917. During this time, the National Schism reached its peak with the Noemvriana incident. The government in Athens controlled only southern Greece in this period.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent (Neutral)
1916, Oct 28 - present
The Medal of Military Merit (Metallio Stratiotikis Axias) is a military decoration of Greece established in 1916 by the Provisional Government of National Defence and made official via a Royal Decree on June 30, 1917. It was originally created for wartime meritorious service, but post-World War II became a peace-time medal reserved for officers. The medal has three classes. The ribbon was initially yellow and black but was changed to blue and white after 1974. Most recent rendering pictured.
1916, Nov 18-20
The Noemvriana (the November incident) was a political dispute which led to an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces over the issue of Greece's neutrality during WW1. As a result, the Allies officially recognized the Venizelos-led Provisional Government of National Defence in Thessaloniki. The Allies started a series of threats and pressure tactics on both the King and the royalist government in Athens.
1916, Dec - 1917, Jan
During the Greek Genocide, the first deportations of Samsun, in Pontus, took place. The city of Samsun was encircled by the Turkish army and people were ordered to the city center. Around 20,000 men, women and children were deported to the interior of Asia Minor, never to be seen again.
1917 - 1921, Jul
The Relief Committee for Greeks (also Greek Relief Committee) was a relief organization that was established during World War I in response to the Greek Genocide, which was ongoing from 1913 throughout the Ottoman Empire. It cooperated with foreign and American diplomatic institutions in Athens and Thessaloniki to aid Greek genocide survivors arriving from Turkey. In 1921, the Greek Relief Committee seized to exist and aid efforts were taken over by the Near East Relief.
1917 - present
The Athinaikos Athletic Association (Athinaikos Athlitikos Syllogos) was established in Vyronas, Athens. It is a multi-sport club. The team is referred to by its supporters as Athinaikos Vyronas, a reference to Lord Byron, a major philhellene who fought and died in the Greek Independence War of 1821. The suburban town of Vyronas was named in honor of Lord Byron.
1917, Feb 28 - present
The War Cross (Polemikos Stavros) is a military decoration of Greece established in February of 1917 by the Provisional Government of National Defence and made official via a Royal Decree on October 31, 1917. It was awarded to military personnel of all branches for acts of valour in the Macedonian front (1916–1918), the Allied campaign in Ukraine (1919) and the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 (rarely after 1920 in this period). Most recent rendering pictured.
1917, Apr - present
The Mikra British Cemetery is a World War I-era British military cemetery in the suburb of Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Macedonia. It was opened in April 1917, and used until 1920. Following the Armistice the cemetery was greatly enlarged by the addition of locally buried graves. The cemetery holds 1,810 Commonwealth burials of the First World War, and 147 other war graves from other nationalities. It has been maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
1917, Apr 21 - May 29
Alexandros Zaimis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until June 14, 1917. During this short term, on May 29, 1917 (June 11 N.S), and as the National Schism was ongoing, the Allies sent the Greek government a telegram demanding the King's abdication.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​Third Party​
1917, May 29 - Jun 13
The French occupation of Thessaly took place as part of the Allied intervention in the National Schism. The main confrontation of the operation occurred when the French attempted to disarm the 1/38 Evzone Regiment in Larissa, under the command of staunch royalist Lieutenant Colonel Athanasios Frangos. In the aftermath, around 200 royalist MPs, municipal leaders, lawyers, doctors and others were taken to a prison camp in the city of Thessaloniki. The goal of the occupation was the abdication of the King.
1917, May 30 (Jun 12 N.S)
King Constantine I is forced to abdicate months after the November 18-20, 1916 armed confrontations in Athens between Allied and royalist forces, and as the French added additional pressure by occupying Thessaly in May 1917. The French and British also threatened the King with the bombardment of Athens and also made it clear that his fate will be that of the Romanovs in Russia. Due to non-stop pressure since 1915, the King left Greece, and his second son Alexander assumed the throne. The National Schism ended.
1917, May 30 - Jun 7 (O.S)
After the King's abdication, prominent royalist officers and politicians considered pro-German were also detained between May 30 to June 7 (June 12 to June 20 N.S). Some were arrested (like former PM Skouloudis), while others were exiled. ​Those exiled included, among others:

​​1) Ioannis Metaxas
2) Dimitris Gounaris
3) Georgios Pesmazoglou
4) Konstantinos Esslin

1917-1920 (Reign of King Alexander I)

1910's

1917, May 30 (Jun 12 N.S)
​​Alexander I ascended the throne of Greece following the exile of his father King Constantine. He was stripped of all power by the Venizelists. During his short reign, the territorial extent of Greece considerably increased. He died of sepsis at the age of 27 on October 25, 1920 (N.S) from a monkey bite.
1917, Jun 27 (N.S) - 1920
Eleftherios Venizelos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until November 4, 1920. He had returned to Athens during King Constantine's exile. With Greece unified, he formed the government.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Liberal Party
1917, Jun 15 (28 N.S)
Greece officially declared war on the Central Powers, ending three years of neutrality by entering World War I alongside Britain, France, Russia and Italy. By the following year, ten Greek divisions (300,000 men) were ready to reinforce the Armée d’Orient on the Salonika Front.
1917, Jul 20
The Corfu Declaration was an agreement between the Prime Minister of Serbia, Nikola Pašić, and the President of the Yugoslav Committee, Ante Trumbić, concluded on the Greek island of Corfu. Its purpose was to establish the method of unifying a future common state of the South Slavs living in Serbia, Montenegro and Austria-Hungary after the First World War.
1917, Aug 18-19
The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 destroyed two thirds of Thessaloniki, the second-largest city in Greece, leaving more than 70,000 homeless. The fire started accidentally and burned for 32 hours. It destroyed 9,500 houses within an extent of one square kilometer.
1917, Aug 29 - Sept 7
The Samarina Republic (also the Republic of Pindus) was a short-lived autonomous Aromanian canton proclaimed by pro-Italian and pro-Romanian Aromanians. The canton lasted for just over a week falling back into Greek control without resistance after the Italians opposed its creation and retreated. Greek forces immediately arrested seven instigators.
1918 - present
The Hellenic Mathematical Society (HMS) (Elliniki Mathimatiki Etaireia) was established in Athens. It is an educational society which promotes the study of mathematics in Greece. It publishes the Bulletin of the Hellenic Mathematical Society. It is a member of the European Mathematical Society.
1918 - present
The Museum of Modern Greek Culture (Mouseio Neoterou Ellinikou Politismou - MNEP) was established in Athens by poet Georgios Drosinis. It was initially known as the Museum of Greek Folk Art until 1959 when its name was changed to its current form.
1918, Mar 13 - 1920, Nov
Meletius III Metaxakis was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until November 16, 1920, when he was forced to resign. He was a very important church hierarch and during his short reign he founded philanthropic programs and religious organizations. In 1921 he travelled to the USA where he established the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America.
1918, May 29-31 (N.S) 
The Battle of Scra is considered one of the most important Greek victories during WWI, resulting in the capture of heavily fortified Bulgarian positions. The battle was commanded by Lieutenant General Emmanouil Zymvrakakis.
1918, Sep 15-18 (N.S)
The Battle of Dobro Pole was a battle fought during WWI in the initial stage of the Vardar Offensive in the Balkans Theatre of war, resulting in a decisive victory for the Allies. This battle was fought by the combined force of Greek, Serbian and French troops.
1918, Sep 18-19 (N.S)
The Battle of Doiran of 1918 was a battle fought during WWI in the Vardar Offensive with the Greeks and the British assaulting Bulgarian positions near Doiran Lake, resulting in a Bulgarian victory.
1918, Sep 29 (N.S)
The Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro was a military action in the Balkans in the final weeks of WWI, ending the Vardar Offensive. The Army of the Orient (France, Britain, Serbia, Russia, Italy, Greece and others) liberated these three countries from occupation by the Central Powers by November 11.
1918, Sep 29 (N.S)
The Armistice of Salonica was signed between the Allies and Bulgaria in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, bringing an end to the Bulgarian participation in WWI. This armistice was as a result of the Bulgarian request for a ceasefire five days earlier. The terms, among others, included the total evacuation of Bulgarian-occupied Greek territories and the return of stolen military weapons taken from Greece's IV Army Corps in 1916.
1918, Oct 28 - present
The General Confederation of Greek Workers (Geniki Synomospondia Ergaton Elladas) was established and is headquartered in Athens. Its main purpose is defending the interests of private sector workers in Greece. It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.
Its current membership is estimated to be around 450,000 workers.
1918, Oct 30 (N.S)
The Armistice of Mudros was a pact signed at the port of Mudros, onboard the HMS Agamemnon, on the northern Aegean island of Lemnos, between the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain (representing the Allied Powers) marking the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (1914–18). Territorial gains promised to Greece.
1918, Oct 30 (N.S) - 1922
​After the Armistice of Mudros was signed, the Partition of the Ottoman Empire was a geopolitical event that occurred, ending on November 1, 1922. For Greece's participation in WWI, the Allies promised territorial gains in eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros and Tenedos, and Smyrna and environs.
1918, Nov - present
The Doxa Drama Athletics Association (Gymnastikos Syllogos Doxa Dramas) was established in Drama, Macedonia. It was initially known as Peleus before changing its name in 1919. Locals were inspired to establish a team in Drama after watching British soldiers play football in their military camp during WWI.
1918, Nov 9 (N.S)
The Attica Group S.A (Attica Symmetohon A.E) was established. It is an operator of international ferry services in Europe and is headquartered in Kallithea, Athens. It was initially named the General Company of Commerce and Industry of Greece before changing its name in 1922.
1918, Nov 11 (N.S)
The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed that ended fighting on land, sea and air in WWI between the Allies and their last remaining opponent, Germany. The final peace between the Allies and Germany was subsequently settled in 1919, by the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles that same year.
1918, Nov 13 (N.S) - 1923
The Occupation of Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros. 1918 saw the first time the city had changed hands since the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The occupation ended on October 4, 1923.
1918, Nov 17 (N.S) - pres
The Communist Party of Greece (Kommounistiko Komma Elladas) was established. It was initially known as the Socialist Labour Party of Greece before it changed its name in 1924. It is a Marxist-Leninist political party and the oldest political party in in modern Greek politics. Although instrumental in the Greek resistance in WWII, the KKE has often opposed Greek national interests.
1919-1924
The Athens-Piraeus Football Clubs Association (E.P.S. Athinon-Pireos) was founded. It was the first governing body of football in Greece. In 1923, an attempt was made to  transform the association into a national body via a name change, but a major rift between the teams of the two cities resulted in the dissolution of the body the following year in 1924.
1919 - present
The 32nd Marines Brigade "Moravas" (XXXII Taxiarhia Pezonafton "Moravas") was established in Preveza, Epirus. It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It had disbanded on multiple occasions. It was initially known as the 32nd Infantry Regiment and reorganized as a Marines unit in 1967 and is headquartered today in Volos, Thessaly. It operates on many islands off the Greek coast.
1919 - present
​The 50th Mechanized Infantry Brigade "Apsos" (L Mihanokiniti Taxiarhia Pezikou "Apsos") was established in Adrianople (today Edirne, Turkey). It fought in most conflicts that shaped Greece. It disbanded in 1941 and re-established in 1945. It was initially known as the 50th Infantry Regiment and reorganized throughout its history. It became a mechanized infantry in 2003. Today, the brigade is headquartered in Soufli, Thrace.
1919 - present
The Hellenic Conservatory (Elliniko Odeio) is an educational institution for the performing arts in modern Greece. It was founded in Athens by the composer and music teacher Manolis Kalomiris. He was the conservatoire's director until 1926, when he left to establish the National Conservatoire in Athens. Many of Greece's most famous composers were students.
1919, Jan 18 (N.S) - 1920
The Paris Peace Conference was the formal meeting in 1919-1920 held by the victorious Allies after the end of WWI to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Venizelos was the chief negotiator for Greece, seeking territorial gains in Northern Epirus, Eastern Thrace and Asia Minor.
1919, Mar 22 - present
The Hellenic Coast Guard (Limeniko Soma) was established by an Act of Parliament (Law No. 1753-1919). It is the national coast guard of Greece. It supports the Hellenic Navy in wartime, but resides under separate civilian control in times of peace. The officers and the other enlisted members of the Coast Guard are regarded as military personnel according to the Military's Penal Code.
1919, Apr 28 (N.S)
The Turkish courts-martial of 1919-20 occurred in the aftermath of WWI, as the Paris Peace Conference was taking place, and ended in March 1920. Leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) were charged with the killings of millions of Armenians, Greeks and Assyrians. Proceedings were forced to shut down due to the resurgence of Mustafa Kemal's Turkish Nationalist Movement.
1919, May 6 (N.S)
At the May 6 session during the ongoing Paris Peace Conference [which had been ongoing since January], the Allied Powers (excluding the Italians) decided to give the Hellenic Military a legal mandate to occupy Smyrna in western Asia Minor. In Albania, the region of Northern Epirus was awarded to Greece.
1919, May 15 (N.S)
The Hellenic Army lands in Smyrna having been given the legal mandate to do so by the Allied Powers on May 6 during a session of the ongoing Paris Peace Conference. The Smyrna occupation was a peace-keeping mission. Jubilant Greeks and many other ethnic groups welcomed the Hellenic Military as liberators. The occupation led to the rise of Turkish nationalism, resulting in war.
1919, May 15 (N.S) - 1922
The Zone of Smyrna was established upon the occupation of Smyrna by the Hellenic Military. It was a dependency of Greece. The Allied Powers had authorized the creation of the Smyrna Zone during the ongoing negotiations regarding the Partition of the Ottoman Empire. In 1920, it was recognized by the Treaty of Sevres. Greek administration came to an end In the final days of the Greco-Turkish War when the city was captured by the Turks on September 9, 1922.
1919, May 15 (N.S) - 1922
The Greco-Turkish War was fought in western Asia Minor between Greece and the Turkish Nationalist Movement in the aftermath of WWI, resulting in a Turkish victory. The war was started when a bullet was shot from the Turkish quarters towards the Greeks landing in Smyrna. Initial success turned tragic when the Greek front collapsed by August 1922. Outside of the war zone, the Turks continued with the genocide of the Greeks, Armenians and Assyrians, ongoing since 1914. The Greco-Turkish War ended on October 11, 1922.
1919, May 16-17
The Vourla Clashes (Urla Clashes) were a series of clashes in Vourla, Smyrna, (now Urla, Izmir), during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, resulting in a Greek victory. After the Greek landing at Smyrna, the Greek army advanced and occupied Bornova and Karşıyaka, then headed towards the Karaburun Peninsula where Vourla was situated. The small Ottoman regiment that was stationed in Vourla  surrendered and were arrested, while a 120-man Ottoman militia retreated to the interior of Anatolia.
1919, May 19 (N.S) - 1922
Aristeidis Stergiadis served as the first and only Greek High Commissioner of Smyrna until September 25, 1922. Although not a member of the Liberal Party, he was appointed to the post by Prime Minister Venizelos months earlier in February of 1919. Stergiadis was a believer in reconciliation between Greeks and Turks, and often clashed with Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Bishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna.
1919, May 19 (N.S)
During a tense period of anarchy in the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal landed in Samsun, Pontus, on orders of the Sultan to restore order of Ottoman military units, to improve internal security, and to end the indiscriminate killings of Greeks and Armenians in that area by roving Turkish bands. However, he disobeyed orders and encouraged the continuation of the killings. He commenced the Turkish Independence War against the Allies - a war fought on multiple fronts.
1919, Jun 15-20 (N.S)
The Battle of Bergama was a battle fought during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a Greek victory. After the Greeks captured Bergama on June 12, Turkish forces attacked the town on June 15 and forced the Greeks to retreat. On June 20, the Greeks recaptured it. 
1919, Jun 16 (N.S)
The Malgaç Railway Bridge Raid was a raid conducted by the Kuva-yi Milliye militia during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a Turkish victory. The vital railway bridge used by the Greeks to transfer equipment was destroyed, buying time.
(*The Kuva-yi Milliye is pictured).
1919, Jun 17-18 (N.S)
During the Greek Genocide, the massacre of Greeks at Aydin took place. Over 2,000 Greeks were killed including a boy scout troop and their leader which brought indignation and protests by scouting organizations all over the world.
1919, Jun 20-21 (N.S)
The Raid on Erbeyli was a raid conducted by the Kuva-yi Milliye militia during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a Turkish retreat after being caught in the line of fire on two sides. (*The Kuva-yi Milliye is pictured).
1919, Jun 21-22 (N.S)
The Raid on Erikli was a raid conducted by the Kuva-yi Milliye militia during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a Greek retreat. (*The Kuva-yi Milliye is pictured).
1919, Jun 25-26 (N.S)
The Battle of Tellidede (near Aydin) was a battle fought during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a Greek victory. The Greeks were given a Mandate to enter this area to prevent further massacres of Christians by Turks.
1919, Jun 27 - Jul 4 (N.S)
The Battle of Aydin was a battle fought during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a Greek victory. The Greek army captured the city and held it for a few years, until September 7, 1922.
1919, Jun 28 (N.S)
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought WWI to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Germany was heavily penalized.
1919, Sep 15 - present
Kathimerini is a daily political and financial newspaper published in Athens. It was founded by prominent anti-venizelist George A. Vlachos who remained its editor until 1951. On April 21, 1967, its editors and staff created secret recordings of the coup as it was unfolding, resulting in the paper being targeted. Its political alignment is conservative.
1919, Nov 27 (N.S)
The Treaty of Neuilly-Sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories to the Allies, due to Bulgaria having been one of the Central Powers defeated in WWI. Under the Treaty, the southern Bulgarian Thrace territory and a small area in eastern Macedonia was ceded to the Allies. Both areas were awarded to Greece the following year.

1920's

1920-1953
The Socialist party of Greece (Sosialistiko Komma Elladas) was established by a group led by A. Sideris. The party was formed as an anti-Comintern minority split at the second congress of the Socialist Labour Party of Greece. The party was very active with trade unions. In 1953, the party dissolved.
1920 - 1970, Dec 31
The Hellenic State Railway (Sidirodromoi Ellinikou Kratous) was established. It operated railway lines in Greece until December 31, 1970, when most railway lines with the exception of a few were transferred to the Hellenic Railways Organisation S.A., a state-owned corporation.
1920, Jan 15 - present
The Agricultural University of Athens (Geoponiko Panepistimio Athinon) was established in Votanikos, Athens. It is the third oldest university in the country. Since 1920, it has made contributions to Greek agricultural and economic development, by conducting basic and applied research in both agricultural science and technology.
1920, Mar - 1922
The United Opposition
(Inomeni Antipolitefsis) was a coalition of anti-Venizelist Greek political parties that united for the elections of 1920. The member parties were all monarchist in nature and pro-German. The ideology of the coalition was anti-Venizelism, monarchism, national conservatism and conservatism. It was led by Dimitrios Gounaris.
1920, Apr 19-26 (N.S)
The San Remo Conference was an international meeting of the post-WWI Allied Supreme Council as an outgrowth of the Paris Peace Conference. Among the many outcomes, it was decided that Thrace would be awarded to Greece.
1920, May 14 (N.S)
The northeastern region of western Thrace is united to Greece after Bulgaria was forced to cede territories as stipulated by the Treaty of Neuilly-Sur-Seine due to Bulgaria being one of the Central Powers defeated in WWI.
1920, Jun 18 - present
The Athens University of Economics and Business
(Oikonomiko Panepistimio Athinon) was established in Athens. It was originally known as Athens School of Commercial Studies before taking its current name. It is the oldest university in Greece in the field of economics.
1920, Jun 22 - Sep (N.S)
During the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, the Greek Summer Offensive of 1920 was fought by the Greek army, assisted by the British and Ottoman 'Forces of Order' in order to capture the southern region of the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean region, resulting in Greek victory.
1920, Jul - 1984
The Cities Police (Astinomia Poleon) was established. Its creation was decreed in 1918 (Law 1370/1918) and confirmed in 1920 (Law 2461/1920). It started operating in major cities the following year in 1921, except in Thessaloniki due to the Gendarmerie's opposition. The crown was removed from the police force's emblem in 1974 when the monarchy was abolished. In 1984, the Hellenic Police would succeed it.
1920, Aug 10 (N.S)
The Treaty of Sèvres was designed to partition the Ottoman Empire due to its role in WWI. Under the treaty, Eastern Thrace and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos were ceded to Greece. In Smyrna, Greek administration was accepted. It was signed on behalf of Greece by both Prime Minister Venizelos and Ambassador Athos Romanos. The treaty was aborted due to the Turkish War of Independence.
1920, Aug 12 (N.S)
On his journey home from Sèvres, France, Prime Minister Venizelos survived an assassination attempt by two royalist soldiers who were lying in wait at the Gare de Lyon railway station in Paris. This event provoked unrest in Greece and resulted in a Venizelist faction executing the Prime Minister's political rival Ion Dragoumis one day later.
1920, Aug 13 (N.S)
A day after two royalists attempted to assassinate Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos in France, the Prime Minister's political rival Ion Dragoumis was arrested by a Venizelist Democratic Security Battalion in Athens and immediately executed as payback for the attempt on the life of the Prime Minister the day before.
1920, Aug 27
During the Greek Genocide, a large band of Kemalists under the command of Djemal (also spelled Cemal) surrounded the Greek precinct of İznik (Gr: Nicaea), seized the entire Greek population of about 600 and massacred them all.
1920, Sep 4 (N.S)
The Agreement Between Great Britain and Greece Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt was an agreement that was concluded between the British and Greek governments in Athens in order to regulate legal relations between Greek citizens and the court system in Egypt. It was ratified on January 4, 1921.
1920, Oct - 1958, May
The People's Party (Laikon Komma) was established. It was a conservative and pro-monarchist Greek political party founded by Dimitrios Gounaris, the main political rival of Eleftherios Venizelos and his Liberal Party. The party was the most important member of the United Opposition which was established a few months earlier in anticipation for the scheduled November elections of 1920.
1920, Oct 6 (N.S)
The Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Diasymmahiko Metalio Nikis) was a campaign medal that was established via a Royal Decree. It was issued by Greece commemorating the Allied victory in the First World War. It was widely awarded to Greek military personnel that fought, not only in the First World War, but also in the Allies' Southern Russia intervention, and the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 (up until 1920).
1920, Oct 20-Nov 12 (N.S)
The Battle of the Gediz was a battle fought during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, when the Kuva-yi Milliye attacked Greek forces, resulting in a Greek victory. The militia had attacked Gediz only to see if they could compete with the Hellenic Military in larger battles. (*The Kuva-yi Milliye is pictured).
1920, Oct 25 (N.S)
King Alexander I of Greece died of sepsis after he was attacked and bitten by a Barbary macaque monkey as he was walking the grounds of the Tatoi estate. Thinking that the bite was not serious, the King did not seek proper medical attention.
1920, Oct 28 (N.S) - Nov
Following the death of King Alexander I, Pavlos Kountouriotis was elected Regent of Greece by the Greek Parliament. He resigned weeks later on November 17, 1920, days after the defeat of the Venizelos government in the legislative elections.
1920, Nov 1 (14 N.S)
​The legislative elections of 1920 took place. These elections are considered the most important in the history of modern Greece. Although up to this point Venizelos had been very successful in the territorial gains in the Ottoman Empire, this election resulted in his defeat. The staunch anti-Venizelist United Opposition won 260 of the 370 seat.
1920, Nov 17 (N.S) - 1921
​Dimitrios Rallis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until January 24, 1921, when splinter groups within the coalition government demanded his resignation after disputes arouse.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
United Opposition (People's Party / Royalist)
1920, Nov 4 (17 N.S) - Dec
Queen Olga was appointed by Prime Minister Rallis to assume the regency. She served as Regent of the Kingdom of Greece for about a month until her son Constantine returned to the throne.
1920, Nov 16 - 1922, Dec
Theoclitus I Minopoulos was elected to his second term as Metropolitan of Athens  until December 16, 1922, in the aftermath of the Asia Minor Catastrophe. This second term was considered non-canonical and unconstitutional as his second enthronement was politically motivated to replace the previous Metropolitan, Meletius III, a supporter of Venizelos.
1920, Nov 22 (Dec 5 N.S)
Following the death of King Alexander I, a referendum on the return of King Constantine I was held. The proposal was approved by 99.0% of voters. However, to this day, this referendum is considered rigged by modern Greek historians since it was held by the former King's loyalists.
1920, Nov 22 - 1922
After the referendum of November 22 (Dec 5 N.S), 1920, France, UK and Italy opposed the return of the pro-German Constantine and did not recognize him as Head of State. By 1921 the French and Italians were showing impatience with British policy in Asia Minor. By 1922, all three were negotiating with the Kemalists to varying degrees.

1920 - 1922 (Second Reign of King Constantine I)

1920's

1920, Dec 6 (19 N.S)
Constantine I ascended the throne of Greece for the second time following a referendum held by the Rallis government on the matter of his return. He reigned until 1922 when a military coup forced him to abdicate again.
1920, Dec 23 - 1922, Sep
The Third National Assembly of the Greeks convened after the elections of 1920 with the goal of drafting a new constitution. The assembly never completed its task as it was interrupted by the '11 September 1922 Revolution.'
1921, Jan 6-11 (N.S)
The First Battle of İnönü was fought during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 near İnönü in Hüdavendigâr Vilayet (present-day Eskişehir Province, Turkey), resulting in a Turkish victory.
1921, Jan 24 - 1921, Mar
​​Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until March 25, 1921, when he resigned due to the continuation of losses in Asia Minor during the Greco-Turkish War.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
​United Opposition (People's Party / Royalist)​
1921, Feb 21; Mar 1922
The Conference of London was a conference that convened twice (Feb-Mar 1921; and in Mar 1922) to deal with the problems resulting from the peace treaties that ended WWI, most notably the Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire.
1921, Mar 23 - Apr 1 (N.S)
​The Second Battle of İnönü was fought during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 ​near İnönü in Hüdavendigâr Vilayet (present-day Eskişehir Province, Turkey), resulting in a Turkish victory.
1921, Mar 26 - 1922, Mar
Dimitrios Gounaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until March 2, 1922, when he resigned due to mounting pressure from the ongoing losses in Asia Minor during the Greco-Turkish War.

​Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
United Opposition (People's Party / Royalist)​
1921, Jun-Sep
During the Greek Genocide, the second deportations of Samsun, in Pontus took place under the command of the Kemalists. 420 of the 720 Greek villages in Samsun and the Bafra districts were completely destroyed.
1921, Jul 10-24 (N.S)
The Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir was fought during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a tactical Greek victory. The Turkish army retreats east to the Sakarya River. Greek leadership was divided by this point in the Greco-Turkish War.
1921, Aug 23-Sep 13 (N.S)
The Battle of Sakarya (aka the Officers' Battle) was an important battle during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, resulting in a tactical Turkish victory. After the Greek retreat, a stalemate ensued for one year. The Greek advance in Asia Minor was halted. Total breakdown of the Greek leadership.
1921, Sep 13 - 1922, Aug
During the stalemate period in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 after the Battle of Sakarya, Greece's allies evacuate their troops from Asia Minor, leaving Greek troops exposed. In April/May 1922, Soviets supplied the Kemalists with substantial military and financial aid.
1921, Nov 
Although the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 had awarded North Epirus to Greece after WWI, Italian, Austrian and German lobbying in favor of Albania resulted in North Epirus being ceded to Albania, the catalyst being the inevitable Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War.
1922-1946
The Agrarian Party of Greece (Agrotiko Komma Ellados) was a Greek left-wing political party that was formed in 1922 by Spyros Hasiotis. It was a political party between 1923 to 1946. Although a small party, it won three seats in 1923, four seats in 1926 and one seat in 1936. Party members participated in the Greek resistance against Nazi occupation in WWII.
1922 - present
The Athletic and Cultural Club Aspida Xanthi (Athlitikos Politistikos Syllogos Aspis Xanthi) was established in Xanthi, Thrace. It is a multi-sport club. its name means "shield" in ancient Greek and the club's colors are taken from the Greek flag.
1922, Feb 6 - present
The Vima (Tribune) is a weekly newspaper that is published in Athens. It was founded by a group of Venizelists. The paper was initially called Eleftheron Vima (Free Tribune) prior to its current name. Up until 2017, the paper was politically aligned with the left and with the socialist PASOK party. Since 2017, its political alignment is conservative, supporting the New Democracy party.
1922, Mar 2 - May 3
Dimitrios Gounaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece (even though he had just tendered his resignation),  until May 3, 1922, when the coalition collapsed due to the ongoing Greek losses in Asia Minor during the Greco-Turkish War.

​Method:
Appointed (Consecutive term)
Political Party:
United Opposition (People's Party / Royalist)​​
1922, Apr
During the Greek Genocide, the third deportations of Samsun, in Pontus took place. During the May 15, 1922 session of the British Parliament, Arthur Nevile Chamberlain spoke of the deportation of Greeks from the Black Sea region.
1922, May 3-9
Nikolaos Stratos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until May 9, 1922, when a non-confidence vote ousted him during the Third National Assembly.

Method:
Appointed​
Political Party:
United Opposition (National Conservative Party / Royalist)​​
1922, May 9 - Aug 28
Petros Protopapadakis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until August 28, 1922, until the defeat of the Greek army in Asia Minor in the Greco-Turkish War. 

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
United Opposition (People's Party / Royalist)
1922, Jun 7
A squadron of the Greek Navy led by the battleship Averoff and the US Navy, bombarded the port of Samsun, as part of the operation to destroy the supply chain route of the Turkish army of Eskişehir. The bombardment was a tactical Allied victory at sea for a short period but failed to affect the Turkish Independence War. The Turks retaliated with the continuation of the forced deportations of the Greek population, ongoing in Pontus since 1916.
1922, Jul 16
The pro-German, Greek royalist government, sensing that a Greek defeat was imminent in the Greco-Turkish war passed a treacherous law - Law 2870/1922 - forbidding the Greek population from leaving Asia Minor in the event of Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War. Although this treacherous law was never enforced, the King's circle preferred the Asia Minor Greeks be slaughtered by Mustafa Kemal, rather than bringing them to Greece.
1922, Aug 1 (N.S)
The Balfour Note of 1922 was signed by Britain's acting Foreign Secretary  Arthur Balfour. The note was sent to all of Britain's debtors: France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Romania, Portugal and Greece. Balfour claimed that the British government had reluctantly decided that the loans that those countries had received from HM Treasury should be paid back and that reparations from Germany should be collected so that Britain could pay its creditor, the USA.
1922, Aug 26-30 (N.S)
The Battle of Dumlupınar (aka the Field Battle of the Commander-In-Chief) was the last battle in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922. The battle was fought near Dumlupınar, Kütahya in Turkey, resulting in a decisive Turkish victory. The Greek front collapsed and the  Turkish counter-attack heading west began.
1922, Aug 27 (Sep 9 N.S)
The Turkish capture of Smyrna was the last act of the Turkish War of Independence. The first elements of Mustafa Kemal's forces, a Turkish cavalry squadron, reached and made its way into the city from the northern tip of the quay. The Greek administration ended and chaos ensued.
1922, Aug 27 (Sep 9 N.S)
​On the orders of Turkish commander-in-chief, Nureddin Pasha, Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Bishop, Chrysostomos of Smyrna, was tortured and hacked to death by a Turkish mob in full view of French soldiers who were ordered to not intervene by their commander.
1922, Aug 28 (Sep 10 N.S)
Nikolaos Triantafyllakos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until September 16, 1922, when he resigned due to a state of chaos that ensued in Greece after the Greek defeat in Asia Minor in the Greco-Turkish War.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
People's Party (Royalist)
1922, Aug 31 (Sep 13 N.S)
The Great Fire of Smyrna started when Kemalists set fire to the Armenian and Greek quarters of Smyrna, and committed a wholesale massacre of Greeks and Armenians. Smyrna is one of the last acts of the genocide, ongoing since 1913/14. Christian refugees and others (Jews, foreigners etc...) headed for the quay. All able-bodied Christian boys and men were taken as prisoners of war, never to be seen again.
1922, Sep 2 (Sep 15 N.S)
The Chanak Crisis was a war scare that occurred between the UK and the provisional government at Ankara due to Turkish efforts to push the Greek armies out of allied-held areas. By September 15, Mustafa Kemal made it known that he wanted Eastern Thrace and also Constantinople. At first, the British did not agree, but by September 23, the British cabinet decided to give Eastern Thrace to the Turks, which led to the Armistice of Mudanya on October 11, 1922.
1922, Sep 11 (Sep 24 N.S)
The '11 September 1922 Revolution' led by Colonels Nikolaos Plastiras and Stylianos Gonatas was an uprising by the Greek military against the government in Athens, after the Greek military defeat in Asia Minor. The mutiny spread quickly, forcing King Constantine I to abdicate. George II was declared King. The military organized the "Trial of the Six" and ruled Greece until early 1924.
1922, Sep 16-17
Anastasios Charalambis served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece, in a one-day caretaker government until September 17, 1922, until a new Prime Minister could be sworn in.

Method:
Military Coup / Appointed by military leaders
Political Party:
N/A (Interim government under military supervision) 
1922, Sep 17 - Nov 14
Sotirios Krokidas served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until November 14, 1922, when he resigned due to his disagreement to the final verdict at the 'Trial of the Six.'

Method:
Appointed by military leaders
Political Party:
N/A (Interim government under military supervision)
1922, Sep 23-30
After the Destruction of Smyrna and the ensuing confusion, those gathered at the Quay were left at the mercy of the Turks. However, Asa Jennings, a low ranking YMCA worker, set out on his own accord to reach Mustafa Kemal to be granted authority to evacuate all Christians and other refugees. Kemal set his conditions, and Asa Jennings saved the lives of approximately 350,000 refugees.

1922 - 1924 (Reign of King George II)

1920's

1922, Sep 27
George II assumed the throne of Greece following the abdication of his father, Constantine I, as a result of the coup of the '11 September Revolution' of 1922. He was King of Greece from 1922 to 1924 when the Monarchy was abolished.
1922, Oct 11 (N.S)
The Armistice of Mudanya was an agreement signed between Turkey on the one hand and the Allies (Italy, France and the UK) on the other. One of the terms of the agreement included Greek troops leaving Eastern Thrace within a fifteen day period. Greece acceded to this agreement on October 14. The Armistice of Mudanya paved the way for the final settlement between all parties at the Lausanne Conference which started in November 1922.
1922, Oct 13
The Trial of the Six was the trial for treason, in late 1922, of the anti-Venizelist officials who were held responsible for the Greek military defeat in Asia Minor during the Greco-Turkish of 1919-1922. The trial ended on November 15, 1922. Six of the nine defendants were found guilty and sentenced to death.
1922, Nov - 1923, Jul 
The Lausannne Conference was held with the purpose to negotiate a new treaty to replace the Treaty of Sèvres, which was not recognized by the new Turkish government of Mustafa Kemal. The Greek delegation was led by former Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos.
1922, Nov 12 (25 N.S)
As stipulated in the terms of the October 11, 1922 signing of the Armistice of Mudanya, the Greek military withdrew all its forces from the region of Eastern Thrace and control was ceded to Turkey. Around 400,000 Greeks (250,000 civilians and 150,000 soldiers were forced to evacuate the region in a very short period of time. This would be formalized by the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923.
1922, Nov 13 - 1936, Aug
The Freethinkers Party
(Komma Eleftherofron) was a Greek nationalist and pro-monarchist far-right party established by Ioannis Metaxas. The party was formed from a split from the People's Party. It took part in six elections with their best showing in 1926 with 52 seats. After that it garnered between one and seven seats in subsequent elections. The party was dissolved when Metaxas commenced his dictatorship.
1922, Nov 14 - 1924, Jan
Stylianos Gonatas served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until January 11, 1924, after the results of the legislative elections of December 1923 were tallied. He was one of the architects of the '11 September 1922 Revolution.'

Method:
​Appointed by military leaders
Political Party:
N/A (Interim government under military supervision) ​
1922, Nov 15
At the conclusion of the Trial of the Six (ongoing since October), six of the nine defendants were found guilty of treason* and executed by firing squad at Goudi, Athens (*all were pardoned in 2010). Those executed were:
​
1) PM Gounaris;
2) PM Protopapadakis;
3) PM Stratos;
4) FM Baltatzis;
5) LTG Hatzianestis;
6) MMA Theotokis.
1922, Nov 28 - 1925
Young Communist League of Greece (Omospondia Kommounistikon Neolaion Elladas) was established. It was the youth wing of the Communist Party of Greece. The league was banned along with all communist affiliated parties in Greece in 1925.
1923 - present
The Epirotikos Agon is a  newspaper published in Ioannina, Epirus. It was founded by Efthimios Tzallas and was initilly known as Keravnos. It was banned from publishing during the period of Nazi occupation of Greece and also during the last years of the dictatorship.
1923 - present
​The Technical Chamber of Greece (TEETCG) (Techniko Epimelitirio Elladas) was founded by the alumni of the National Technical University of Athens. It is the Greek professional organization that serves as the official technical advisor of the Greek state and is responsible for awarding professional licences to all practicing engineers in Greece.
1923, Jan 30 (N.S)
The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations was signed during the Lausanne Convention, after the Greco-Turkish War. The agreement provided for the mandated expulsion of Orthodox Christians from Turkey to Greece and of Muslims from Greece to Turkey and was to take effect on May 1, 1923. The Greeks from Constantinople, Imvros and Tenedos, and the Muslims from the region of Thrace were exempted from the exchange.
1923, Feb 15
The Kingdom of Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar aligning with the rest of Europe. February 15 was the last "old style" (O.S) date used in Greece. The next day, what would have been February 16, became March 1, 1923. The change of the civil calendar resulted in an internal war within the Greek Orthodox Church, resulting in a split of old versus new calendarists.
1923, Mar 23 - Dec 31
Chrysostomos I was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until December 31, 1923, when the Constitutional Charter of the Church abolished the position of metropolitan bishop and changed the rank to "Archbishop of Athens and all Greece." He would be both the last hierarch to hold the rank of the Metropolitan of Athens and immediately as the first Archbishop of Athens and all of Greece.
1923, May 1
The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey took effect a few months after the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations was signed by Greece and Turkey during the Lausanne Convention. It oversaw the forced relocation of Greek Orthodox Christians and  Muslims to and from Greece and Turkey. Most survivors of the Greek Genocide in Turkey had already fled to Greece before the effective date of May 1, 1923.
1923, c May 1 - 1930
The Hellenic Red Cross was nominated a total of 19 times between 1923 and 1930 for their heroic efforts concerning the relief of the refugees who were sent to Greece as part of the population exchange in the aftermath of the Greek Genocide in the Ottoman Empire. The Hellenic Red Cross was nominated 16 times in 1923, 2 times in 1924 and 1 time in 1930.
1923, May 2 - present
Alexander the Great of Thessaloniki (Megas Alexandros Thessalonikis) was officially founded. It is a Greek multi-sport club based in Thessaloniki that was originally formed by 15 young adults who formed a soccer team a few years earlier in 1917 under the name Dynami. In 1920, at a general meeting, the club's name was changed to its current name.
1923, May 31 - present
Atromitos Football Club (Atromitos Athinon) was founded by a group of students living at Victoria Square (previously known as Kyriakou Square). In 1932, the team relocated to Peristeri, Athens.
1923, Jul 23
The Treaty of Lausanne 
was a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference. It officially settled the conflict that had originally existed between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies since WWI. The Treaty's main function was to set the borders of Turkey with her neighbors.
1923, Jul 23
As per the Treaty of Lausanne, Eastern Thrace, and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos are formally ceded to Turkey. The former Zone of Smyrna, occupied by Turkish forces since 1922, is accepted as Turkish territory. Greece was also forced to cede the very strategic area of the Karaağaç territory in western Thrace to Turkey.
1923, Aug 29 - Sep 27
The Corfu Incident was a diplomatic and military crisis between Greece and Italy. It was triggered when the Italian General Enrico Tellini heading a commission to resolve a border dispute between Albania and Greece was murdered in Kakavia. In response, Italy's Benito Mussolini ordered the bombardment and occupation of Corfu.
1923, Oct 18
The Military Government proclaimed elections for December 1923 and for a new National Assembly to decide the country's form of government. They had also passed electoral laws in order to aid Venizelos' Liberal Party. However, some Venizelists along with some royalist military officials became extremely disgruntled and organized a counter-coup against the Military Government a few days later.  
1923, Oct 22
​The Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup attempt was a failed military counter-coup against the military (in power since September of 1922), led by pro-royalist Lieutenant Generals Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis. Its failure discredited the monarchy and contributed to the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic in March 1924.
1923, Nov 21 - present
Ethnikos Piraeus (Ethnikos Omilos Filathlon) was founded. It was  initially known as Keravnos and officially changed its name in 1924. It is a Greek multi-sport club based in the port city of Piraeus.
1923, Dec 16
The legislative elections of 1923 took place. The pro-monarchist parties abstained, resulting in a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 250 of the 398 seats. Eleftherios Venizelos won and assumed office in January of 1924.
1923, Dec 19
After the failed counter-coup of Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis that took place months earlier in October, the military government demanded the abdication of the King in order to discuss the future of the Greek state. The King refused the calls for his abdication, but he agreed to go into exile and left for Romania.
1923, Dec 20 - Mar 25
Pavlos Koundouriotis was named Regent of the Kingdom of Greece until March 25, 1924 when Greece was proclaimed a republic. He was named as Regent following the King's exile to Romania in the aftermath of the failed royalist counter-coup led by Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis on October 22, 1923.
1923, Dec 31
The new Constitutional Charter of the Church of Greece took effect and raised the rank of the bishop of Athens to the position of Archbishop of Athens and All Greece. The other metropolises in Greece remained under the leadership of a bishop (i.e. a Metropolitan in the Greek Orthodox Church).
1923, Dec 31 - 1938, Oct
Chrysostomos I, the reigning Metropolitan of Athens is elevated to the rank of Archbishop of Athens and all Greece as a result of the Constitutional Charter of the Church of Greece that took effect on the same day. He reigned as the first Archbishop of Athens and all Greece until his death on October 22, 1938. He dealt with the calendar change issue and oversaw jurisdictional growth of the Metropolis.
1924, Jan 2 - 1925, Sep 30
The Fourth National Assembly of the Greeks took place to continue on with the work of the previous Assembly which dissolved due to the '11 September 1922 Revolution'. The main goal of this Assembly was to proclaim a republic, but it was also interrupted by another military coup in September of 1925.
1924, Jan 11 - Feb 6
​Eleftherios Venizelos served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until February 6, 1924, when he resigned due to a dispute he had with Alexandros Papanastasiou in regards to the future of the Greek state. Venizelos preferred a constitutional monarchy while Papanastasiou was in favor of a republic.

Method:
Elected
Political Party:
Liberal Party
1924, Feb 6 - Mar 12
​Georgios Kaphantaris served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until March 12, 1924, when he resigned due to intense military pressure by Theodoros Pangalos and others for the Fourth National Assembly to immediately proclaim Greece a republic. 

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent
1924, Mar 12 - Jul 24
Alexandros Papanastasiou served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Greece until July 24, 1924, when a non-confidence vote ousted his government. Papanastasiou's term straddled the final days of the monarchy and ended in the early days of the republican period.

Method:
Appointed
Political Party:
Independent
1924, Mar 25
The Greek monarchy was abolished and the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed by Parliament. On March 29, 1924, the  government announced that in April it will conduct a referendum on the question of Greece becoming a republic.