​Select a historical era for Greece

  1. Fall of Constantinople and Ottoman Era
    1453 - 1820

  2. Greek War of Independence and the First Hellenic Republic
    1821 - 1832

  3. Kingdom of Greece
    1832 - 1924
    [In 1878 the history of Greece and Cyprus diverge. See Cyprus history section below.]

  4. Second Hellenic Republic
    1924 - 1935

  5. Kingdom of Greece Restored
    1935 - 1967

  6. Military Dictatorship
    1967 - 1974

  7. Third Hellenic Republic
    1974 - today

Select a historical era
​for Cyprus

  1. British Cyprus
    1878-1960

  2. Independent Cyprus
    ​1960-1974

  3. Coup D'état and Turkish Invasion and Occupation of Cyprus
    1974

  4. Restoration of Constitutional Order
    1974 - today

Greek War of Independence & First Hellenic Republic (1821-1832) 

1821

1821, Jan 26-30
The Secret Meeting at Vostitsa (now Aigio) was a meeting held by members of the Filiki Eteria to set the plan of action for the start of the revolution. Three possible dates were chosen, one of which was March 25.

Key leaders:
​Archbishop Germanos, Papaflessas and others
1821, Feb 22-24
Alexandros Ypsilantis was forced to declare the outbreak of the revolt of the Greek War of Independence in Wallachia (today Iasi, Romania) after traitors revealed the revolutionary plans of the Filiki Eteria to Ottoman authorities.
1821, Mar 17
​In the south Peloponnese, the Maniot Greeks declared war against the Ottoman Empire, preceding the rest of Greece by about a week.

​Key leaders:
​Petros Mavromichalis
1821, Mar 23
The Liberation of Kalamata was the first Greek victory of the Greek War of Independence in the Peloponnese. The Ottomans, having been tricked by the Greeks, surrendered the city without fighting.

​Key leaders:
​Petros Mavromichalis, Theodoros Kolokotronis and others
1821, Mar 24-27
The Battle of Malandrino was a battle fought at Malandrino, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Yannakis Koutroukis, Katsikapis and Theodoros Halvatzis
1821, Mar 25 - May 25
The Messinian Senate was founded days after the city of Kalamata was liberated. It was the first form of a central administration during the early days of the Greek revolution. It was headed by Petros Mavromichalis. Three days after its founding the Senate issued a Manifesto Addressed to Europe, a first formal briefing declaring Greeks are at war with the Ottoman Empire. It was disestablished on May 25, 1821, and succeeded by the Peloponnesian Senate. 
1821, Mar 25*
The Liberation of Kalavryta took place at Kalavryta, Achaea, Peloponnese, after a 5 day battle. Note: Most Greek historians consider March 25th as the day of liberation for this city. Some consider the correct date to be March 21 while others March 23 or 24.

Key leaders:
​Archbishop Germanos
1821, Mar 25
The Greek War of Independence was officially declared by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire. According to tradition, the revolution started when Archbishop Germanos raised the banner of the revolution at the Agia Lavra Monastery at Kalavryta, Achaea, Peloponnese.
1821, Mar 25 - Aug 9
The Siege of Neokastro
​occurred in Pylos, Messenia, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory. Konstantinos Pierrakos Mavromichalis was killed.

Key leaders:
Konstantinos Pierrakos Mavromichalis, Nikolaos Poniropoulos and others
1821, Mar 27 - 1825
The Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece was a provisional administration established by rebelling Greeks of eastern central Greece immediately after the outbreak of the 1821 revolution. It's function was to coordinate the war against the Ottoman Empire. Notables from Macedonia and Thessaly also participated in this administration.
1821, Mar 27
The Battle of Ayios Athanasios was a battle fought at Karytaina, Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Theodoros Kolokotronis, Deligiannis and the Plapoutas clan
1821, Mar 27
The Siege of Gastouni
occurred at the Hlemoutsi fortress in Elis, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman-Albanian victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Sisinis and Charalambos Viletis
1821, Mar 28
The Siege of Lidoriki occurred in Lidoriki, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory after the Turks surrendered their weapons.

Key leaders:
Dimos Skaltsas
1821, Mar 28 - Apr 10
The Siege of Salona occurred in Amfissa, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory after the Turks surrendered their weapons.

Key leaders:
Dimitrios "Panourgias" Xyros, Thanasis Manikas and Yannis Gouras
1821, Mar 28 - Jul 23
The Siege of Monemvasia occurred at the fortress of Monemvasia, Laconia, Peloponnese, resulting in the surrender of the fortress to the Greeks on July 23 (Aug 5 N.S).

Key leaders: 
Dimitrios Ypsilantis, Tzanetakis and others
1821, Mar 30 - Apr 4
The Siege of Livadeia occurred in Livadeia, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory after the Turks surrendered their weapons.

Key leaders:
Athanasios Diakos and Vasilis Bousgos
1821, Mar 31
The Siege of Atalanti occurred at the fortress of Atalanti in Central Greece, resulting in a tactical Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Antonis Kontosopoulos
1821, Apr
The Constantinople Massacre of 1821 was orchestrated by Ottoman authorities against the Greek community of Constantinople. By July of 1821, many of the leading personalities of the Greek Community were rounded up and executed.
1821, Apr 10 (Apr 22 N.S)
On Easter Sunday, the reigning Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople, was tortured and hanged at the main gate of the Patriarchate compound by the Ottoman Turks. His body was dumped in the Golden Horn. Members of the clergy and Greek families of the city were executed.
1821, Apr 10 - 1822, Jul 27
Eugenius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death from dysentery on July 27, 1822. His elevation took place on the same day that Gregory V was executed. Eugenius was among the hierarchs who were being held hostage by Sultan Mahmud II after the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence.
1821, Apr 10
​The Battle of Vlachokerasia was a battle fought in Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Nikolopoulos was killed. 

Key leaders:
Kyriakoulis Pierrakos Mavromichalis and Antonios Nikolopoulos
1821, Apr 13
The Siege of Mendenitsa occurred in Mendenitsa, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Ioannis Dyovouniotis, Komninons Trakas and Athanasios Diakos
1821, Apr 14
The Battle of Levidi was a battle fought at Levidi, Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory. Striftombolas was killed in action. At this battle, the Greeks realized that the Turks were not invincible.

Key leaders:
Nikolaos Soliotis, Anagnotis Striftombolas and others 
1821, Apr 14
The Battle of Beki was a battle fought at Beki, Central Greece. This battle was a successful tactical deception in which the Greeks forced the Turks to retreat towards the city of Lamia.

Key leaders:
Komninos Trakas
1821, Apr 16
The Battle of Bairaktari was a battle fought at the former Derven Fourka, Central Greece, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Greeks retreated to the village of Kombotades.

Key leaders:
Komninos Trakas
1821, Apr 18
The Battle of Vogortsa was a battle fought at Assos, Preveza, Epirus, resulting in a Souliote Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Markos Botsaris, Notis Botsaris and Giorgios Drakos 
1821, Apr 18
The Battle of Patratziki was a battle fought at Ypati, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Athanasios Diakos, Yannis Dyovouniotis, Dimitrios "Panourgias" Xyros and others
1821, Apr 18
The Greeks of the island of Samos rose up against the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of captain Konstantinos Lachanas, resulting in the formation of a provisional Greek regime on the island weeks later in May by Lykourgos Logothetis.

Key Leaders:
Konstantinos Lachanas and Lykourgos Logothetis
1821, Apr 22-24
The Battle of Alamana was a battle fought near Thermopylae, Central Greece, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Greek leader Athanasios Diakos was captured and impaled on a spit.

​Key leaders:
​Athanasios Diakos, Dimitrios Panourgias and Ioannis Dyovouniotis
1821, Apr 25 - Jul 20
The Siege of the Acropolis occurred at the Acropolis in Athens, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Ottomans took control of Athens.

Key leaders:
Meletis Vasiliou, Dimos Antoniou and others
1821, Apr 26-28
The Battle of Athens was a battle fought in Athens, resulting in a very short-lived Greek victory. The Greeks raised a flag, but by July 20, the city fell.

Key leaders:
Meletios Vasiliou
1821, Apr 30 - May 1
The Battle at Galatsi was a battle fought at Galaţi, Wallachia (today a city in Romania), resulting in an Ottoman victory.

Key leaders:
Athanasios Karpenisiotis, Daliostros and the Belgleri clan
1821, May - 1834, Aug
During the revolts that had been taking place on the island of Samos since April, Lykourgos Logothetis established the Military-Political System of Samos, a provisional Greek regime that lasted until 1834. In 1822, the island opposed giving up local control to the provisional government
and retained its political system, except for a short period from 1828 to 1830.
1821, May 3
The former Patriarch, Cyril VI, was hanged by the Ottoman Turks at the main gate of Adrianople's cathedral (today Edirne, Turkey). His name was part of a list of leading personalities who were rounded up and executed by the Ottoman Porte due to the Greek War of Independence.
1821, May 8
The Battle of Gravia Inn was a battle fought in Gravia, Central Greece, resulting in a decisive Greek victory. Odysseas Androutsos, with a group of 120 men, repulsed an Ottoman army numbering 10,000 men and artillery under the command of Omer Vrioni.

​Key leaders:
​Odysseas Androutsos
1821, May 12-13
The Battle of Valtetsi was a battle fought at Valtetsi, Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in one of the most important Greek victory during the Greek War of Independence.

Key leaders:
Anagnostaras, Theodoros Kolokotronis, Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis, Nikitaras and others
1821, May 18
The Battle of Doliana and Vervena was a battle fought at Ano Doliana, Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in a very important Greek victory. This victory boosted the morale of the Greek revolutionaries.

Key leaders:
Nikitas "Nikitaras" Stamatelopoulos
1821, May 18
The Turkish governor Yusuf Bey ordered his men to kill every Greek that they could find in Thessaloniki, Macedonia. The killings lasted many days. The victims included the Metropolitan and major notables of the city.
1821, May 26 - 1823, Apr
The Peloponnesian Senate was a governing body that was formed by rebelling Greeks of Peloponnese,
immediately after the outbreak of the 1821 revolution. It operated until its abolition by the Second National Assembly of Astros, in April 1823. The first president of the Senate was bishop Vresthenis Theodoritos.
1821, May 27
The Battle of Katsaros was a battle fought in Elis, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman victory after the Greeks ran out of weapons. Giannias was killed in hand-to-hand combat.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Giannias
1821, May 27
The Greeks of Sfakia and its surrounding areas declared war against the Ottoman Empire, sparking the start of the Greek revolution on the entire island of Crete.

Key leaders:
Revolutionaries from Sfakia and surrounding areas
1821, c. end of May
The Battle of Vrachorio was a battle fought at Agrinio, Western Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Dimitrios Makris, Giorgios Tsoggas, Alexandros Vlachopoulos, Theodoros Grivas and others
1821, Jun 2
The Destruction of Kydonies (today Ayvalik, Turkey) in Asia Minor was an event orchestrated against the Greek community by the Ottoman army, resulting in mass murder, the deliberate destruction of the town, and women and children sold off as slaves.
1821, Jun 3
​Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, Joseph of Thessaloniki, and the Phanariote Giorgios Callimachi and Nikolaos Mourousis were captured, tortured and decapitated on the Sultan's orders in Constantinople.
1821, Jun 7 (Jun 19 N.S)
The Battle of Dragatsani was a battle fought at Dragasani, Wallachia (today a city in Romania), resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Sacred Band of Greeks was destroyed.

Key leaders:
Dimitrios Ypsilantis, Nikolaos Ypsilantis and others
1821, Jun 8
The Battle of Thessaloniki was a battle fought at Thessaloniki, Macedonia, resulting in a tactical Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Stamatios Kapsas and Anastasios Hymeutos
1821, Jun 9-13
The Battle of Lalas was a battle fought at Lalas, Elis, Peloponnese, resulting in a tactical Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Andreas Metaxas, Dimitrios Plapoutas and others
1821, Jun 15
The Battle of Rentina was a battle in the village of Rentina, Macedonia, resulting in an Ottoman victory. This battle delayed Ottoman troops heading south.

Key leaders:
Metropolitan Konstantinos of Maroneia
1821, Jun 17
The Battle of Roustika was a battle fought at the city of Rethymno, Crete, resulting in a Greek victory.

​Key leaders:
Manouselis clan and others
1821, Jun 17 (Jun 29 N.S)
The Battle of Sculeni took place at Sculeni, Moldavia (today located in Moldova) resulting in an Ottoman victory. After this battle, the majority of the Greek activities in the Danubian Principalities came to an end.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Kantakouzenos, Giorgakis Olympios and others
1821, Jun 24
The Massacre of Heraklion or "the Great Ravage" occurred against the Greek community in Heraklion, Crete. Among the victims are the Metropolitan of Crete and bishops.
1821, Jul 3-5
The Battle of Kavofonia was a battle fought on the island of Samos resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Lykourgos Logothetis, Stamatis Giorgiadis and Hatzigiorgis Mourianos 
1821, Jul 9
Küçük Mehmet carried out forty days of massacres of Greek Cypriots in Cyprus. Archbishop Kyprianos of Cyprus (pictured) along with 486 prominent Greek Cypriots were executed in Nicosia.
1821, Jul 14
The Battle of Variades was a battle fought at Variades, Epirus, resulting in a Souliote Greek victory. The Greeks destroyed all Ottoman fortifications.

Key leaders:
Markos Botsaris 
1821, Jul 15
The Battle of Vrysakia was a battle fought at Vrysakia, Euboea, Central Greece, resulting in a tactical Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Aggelis Govios
1821, Aug 1
The first revolutionary era newspaper the Hellenic Trumpet (Salpigx Elliniki) was published in Kalamata by Theoklitos Farmakidis and was printed by Konstantinos Tombras. It is believed that only a few issues were ever printed before coming to an end.
1821, Aug 4
The Battle of the Cross at Theodoriana was a battle fought at Tzoumerka, Epirus, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Ioannis Makriyannis and Giorgios Bakolas 
1821, Aug 10
The Battle of the Trench was a battle fought at Tripoli, Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Theodoros Kolokotronis and Ioannis Dagres
1821, Aug 24
The Battle of Kompsades was a battle fought at Ammotopos, Epirus, resulting in a Souliote Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Markos Botsaris
1821, Aug 25-26
The  Battle of Vasilika  was a battle fought at Vasilika, Phthiotis, Central Greece, resulting in a major Greek victory. The Greeks managed to destroy an Ottoman relief army and prevented them from entering the Peloponnese to aid Ottoman garrisons besieged by the Greeks.

​Key leaders:
​Ioannis Gouras and Dimitrios Panourgias
1821, Sep 1
The Holocaust of Samothraki took place on the island of Samothraki. The Ottomans massacred the majority of the island's population when the Greeks revolted against local Ottoman authorities. Survivors were enslaved.
1821, Sep 6-23
The Battle at the Sekkou Monastery was the last battle of the Filiki Eteria that occurred in Moldavia resulting in an Ottoman victory. To evade capture, the surrounded Greeks lit the gunpowder stores killing everyone.

Key leaders:
Giorgakis Olympios and Ioannis Farmakis
1821, Sep 15-17
The Battle of Pente Pigadia was a battle fought at Kleisoura, Ioannina, Epirus, resulting in a Greek victory.
​
Key leaders;
Giorgios Drakos
1821, Sep 22-23
The Catastrophe of Galaxidi occurred in Central Greece. The Ottoman Turks destroyed and pillaged the town forcing Greek defenders and residents to flee.

Key leaders:
Dimitrios "Panourgias" Xyros
1821, Sep 23
The Siege of Tripolitsa
occurred at Tripoli, Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in a very decisive Greek victory in the early stages of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.

​Key leaders:
​Theodoros Kolokotronis, Laskarina Bouboulina, Dimitris Plapoutas and others
1821, Oct 30
The Battle of Kassandra was a battle fought at Chalkidiki, Macedonia, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Greeks suffered major losses.

Key leaders:
Emmanouil Pappas
1821, Nov 4-9
The First Assembly of Western Greece took place in the city of Missolonghi. During this assembly, the main topics were the need to maintain law and order in the region west of the town of Salona (today Amfissa), and the need for an organized plan in the war against the Ottoman Empire. The assembly established the Senate of Western Continental Greece, a provisional regional authority.
1821, Nov 9 - 1823, Mar
The Senate of Western Continental Greece was a governing body that was formed during the First Assembly of Western Continental Greece by the rebelling Greeks of western central Greece, immediately after the outbreak of the 1821 revolution. It operated until its dissolution on March 30, 1823, during the Second National Assembly of Astros. It's President was Alexandros Mavrokordatos.
1821, Nov 12 - Dec 4
The Siege of Arta occurred at Arta, Epirus, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Karaiskakis, Giorgios Bakolas, Markos Botsaris and Ioannis Makriyannis
1821, Nov 15-20
The Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece held their Assembly at Salona. Under the leadership of Theodoros Negris, the assembly passed a proto-constitution for the region known as Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece. This assembly was divisive and is referred to as "the assembly that never took place" after all its decisions were annulled at the 1823 Second National Assembly of the Greeks.
1821, Dec 20 - 1822, Jan
The First National Assembly of Epidaurus was the first meeting of the Greek National Assembly, a national representative political gathering of the Greek revolutionaries. The assembly ended on 16 January 1822. Among the many agenda items, the two most important were the establishment of a provisional government and the adoption of the national flag.

1822

1822, c. Jan - Jun, 23
​The Siege of Patras occurred in Patras, Peloponnese. The initial siege was going very well for the Greeks, but Kolokotronis was forced to halt the siege due to a lack of food supplies from the government.

Key leaders:
Theodoros Kolokotronis
1822, Jan 12
The Battle of Styra was a battle fought on the island of Euboea, Central Greece, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

Key leaders:
Ilias Mavromichalis and Vasos Mavrovouniotis
1822, Jan 13 - 1827, Mar
​The Provisional Administration of Greece
was founded during the First National Assembly of the Greeks and composed of the Executive body and the Legislative body. The first Greek national seal (as pictured above) was established on March 15, 1822. The Provisional Administration of Greece was disestablished on March 26, 1827 and was succeeded by the first Hellenic State.
1822, Jan 13 - 1823, May
Alexandros Mavrokordatos
served as the first President of the Executive body of the Provisional Administration of Greece until May 10, 1823.
1822, Jan 13 - 1970
During the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, it was decided to adopt and establish a single flag for the revolutionary struggle of the nation. Prior to this decision, every leader and every faction raised their own revolutionary banner. The first national flag of Greece was a white cross on a blue field. The first period of its use as the national flag lasted until 1970. During the periods of monarchy, various royal symbols were added.
1822, Jan 13 (Present)
​​During the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, it was decided to adopt and establish a naval flag for use at sea and in foreign service. The design was a cross on a blue field and nine stripes in alternating blue and white, similar to the Kallergis family flag of 1665. In 1978, this flag became both the official national flag and the naval ensign. During the periods of monarchy, various royal symbols were added.
1822, Jan 13 - 1828
During the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, it was decided to adopt and establish a merchant naval flag for use by merchant ships. The design of the flag incorporated the flag of the Kolokotronis family (blue cross on white) on a blue field. In 1828, this flag was discontinued and replaced with the striped flag of the navy.
1822, Jan 14
The Siege of Acrocorinth occurred at Corinth, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Theodoros Kolokotronis
1822, Jan 15
​The Greek Declaration of Independence (1822) was signed at Epidaurus during the closing of the First National Assembly of Epidaurus.
1822, Mar 2
The Battle of Girokomeiou was a battle fought at Achaea, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Theodoros Kolokotronis, Dimitrios Plapoutas and Konstantinos Petimezas
1822, Mar 9
The Battle of Saravali was a battle fought at Achaea, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Theodoros Kolokotronis
1822, Mar 30 - Apr
The Chios Massacre was a massacre that took place on the island of Chios, resulting in the killing of around 60,000 Greeks by Ottoman troops and the  enslavement of 40,000. Months later in June, Admiral Constantine Kanaris took revenge on the Ottoman Navy.
1822, Apr
During the period of the provisional administration of Greece (1822-1827), the government attempted to establish an organized Hellenic Army. In April of 1822, the first attempt was the establishment of an infantry regiment and a small artillery battery, under the command of European philhellenes. However, disbandment immediately followed due to a lack of funds.
1822, Apr 8-14
The Battle of Kastella was a battle fought in the town of Rethymno, Crete, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Joseph Valestra was executed.

Key leaders:
Joseph Valestra
1822, Apr 13
The Naousa Massacre was a bloody event that took place in Naousa, Imathia, Macedonia. Naousa's destruction marked the end of Greek activities in Macedonia.

Key leaders:
​Zafeirakis Theodosiou, Anastasios Karatasos, Aggelis Gatsos and Diamantis Nikolaou
1822, May 11-21
The First General Assembly of the Cretans took place at the village of Armenoi, Chania, Crete, by the rebelling Greeks of the island. At the end of the assembly, a declaration was signed establishing the Provisional Government of the Island of Crete and a provisional constitution was adopted.
1822, Jun 6-7
Constantine Kanaris took revenge for the Chios Massacre of March 1822, and bombarded the Ottoman fleet at Chios, killing Ottoman Admiral Kara Ali and 2,000 naval officers while they were celebrating a religious event onboard.

Key leaders: 
​Constantine Kanaris and Andreas Pipinos
1822, Jun 10
The Fall of the Acropolis was a battle fought in Athens which resulted in a Greek victory. Most of the Ottoman forces were killed.

Key leaders:
Olivier Voutier and Raftopoulos
1822, Jun 10
The Battle of Komboti was a battle fought at Komboti, Epirus, which resulted in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Alex. Mavrokordatos, Markos Botsaris, Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels, Gennaios Kolokotronis 
1822, Jun 11-12
The Battle of Malaxa was a battle fought at Malaxa, Crete, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Cretan Greeks retreated and the Turks captured the village of Malaxa.

Key leaders:
Cretan Greek fighters
1822, Jun 20 - Jul 1
​The Battle of Plaka was a battle fought near Souli, Epirus, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Greeks retreated to Peta.

Key leaders:
Markos Botsaris, Aggelis Gatsos, Andreas Iskos and Alexis Vlachopoulos
1822, Jul 4
The Battle of Peta was a battle fought in Epirus, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The battle was led by Mavrokordatos and Botsaris with the support of Philhellenes. The Ottomans were led by Omer Vrioni.

​Key leaders:
​Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Markos Botsaris, Panagiotis Rodios and Karl von Norman-Ehrenfels
1822, Jul 4
The Battle of Splantza was a battle fought at Preveza, Epirus, resulting in a Greek victory. Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis was killed in battle.

Key leaders: 
​Kyriakoulis Pierrakos Mavromichalis 
1822, Jul 26-28
The Battle of Dervenakia (also known as Expedition of Dramali) was a battle fought at Dervenakia, Corinth, Peloponnese, resulting in a decisive Greek victory which saved the revolution.
​
Key leaders:
​Theodoros Kolokotronis, Dimitris Plapoutas, Giorgios Diamantopoulos, Panos Kolokotronis, Aggelis Gatsos, Papaflessas, Nikitaras and Demetri Ypsilantis
1822, Jul 27 - 1824, Jul 9
Anthimus III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by Sultan Mahmud II on July 9, 1824, for refusing to cooperate with the Ottoman Porte against the ongoing Greek War of Independence. He was exiled to a monastery in Kayseri, Cappadocia.
1822, Jul 28
The Battle of Agionori was a battle fought at Agionori, Corinth, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders: 
​Nikitas "Nikitaras" Stamatelopoulos and Nikitas Flessas
1822, Sep 8-13
The Battle of Spetses (also known as the Battle of Nauplia) was a series of naval engagements in the Gulf of Nauplia (Argolic Gulf) between the Greek and Ottoman fleets, resulting in Greek victory.

​Key leaders:
​Andreas Miaoulis and Ioannis Mexis
1822, Oct 25 - Dec 31
The First Siege of Missolonghi was an attempt by Ottoman forces to capture the strategically located port town of Missolonghi, West Greece, resulting in Greek victory.

​Key leaders:
Alex. Mavrokordatos,
Markos Botsaris, Andreas Londos and Petros Mavromichalis
1822, Nov 1
The Battle of Dadi was a battle fought at Dadi (now Amfikleia), Central Greece, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Revolutionaries who failed to retreat were captured and executed and women and children enslaved.

​Key leaders:
​Odysseas Androutsos, Giorgios Lepeniotis and Nikolaos Sarris
1822, Nov 29-30
The Occupation of the Palamidi was the successful occupation of the Fortress of Palamidi at Nauplion, Peloponnese, by the Greeks.

Key leaders:
Staikos Staikopoulos and others

1823

1823, Jan 6-8
The Battle of Akrata was a battle fought at Akrata, Achaea, Peloponnese, resulting in a decisive Greek victory and heavy Ottoman losses.

Key leaders:
Nikolaos Petimezas, Sotiris Charalambis, Andreas Londos and others
1823, Jan 15
The Battle of Agios Vlasios was a battle fought near Agrafa, Epirus, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Karaiskakis
1823, Jan 18 - 1826, Nov
Nafplio became the first site of the Revolutionary Government. The location of the seat of government would change often during the revolutionary period due to ongoing infighting by various Greek factions.
1823, Mar
British Foreign Secretary George Canning, formally recognized "the Greek nation at war", thus recognizing de facto the Greek Independence. In Athens, a public square (i.e. 'Kannigos Square') was named after him along with a statue erected in his honor.
1823, Mar 29 - Apr 18
The Second National Assembly at Astros was the second Greek National Assembly held during the revolutionary period. It ended on April 18, 1823. It's most important task was the revision of the Constitution of Epidaurus.
1823, Mar/Apr - 1865
The French Party (aka the Constitutional Party) was one of three Greek parties that dominated the early political history of Greece. The French Party emerged from a faction founded by Ioannis Kolettis during the Second National Assembly at Astros. The party was officially operational in 1824. It's political position was centrist.
1823, Mar/Apr - 1865
The English Party was one of three Greek parties that dominated the early political history of Greece. The English Party emerged from a faction founded by the affluent Alexandros Mavrokordatos during the Second National Assembly at Astros. The party was officially operational in 1825. It's political position was centre-right.
1823, May
Dionysios Solomos wrote "Hymn to Liberty" on the island of Zakynthos, and one year later it was printed in Messolonghi. Solomos wrote the hymn to honour the struggle of Greeks for independence after centuries of Ottoman rule and slavery. It was adopted as the national anthem of Greece in 1865 and of Cyprus in 1966. It is also played at the closing ceremony of the Olympics.
1823, May 10 - Dec 31
Petros Mavromichalis served as the second President of the Executive body of the Provisional Administration of Greece until December 31, 1823.
1823, Jun 10
The Battle of Parnassus was a battle fought at Parnassus, Central Greece, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

Key leaders:
Odysseas Androutsos
1823, Aug 8-9
The Battle of Karpenisi was a battle fought at Karpenisi, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory. Captain of the Souliote Greeks, Markos Botsaris was killed.
​
Key leaders:
​Markos Botsaris and Kitsos Tzavelas.
1823, Aug 28
The Battle of Kaliakouda was a battle fought at Karpenisi, Central Greece, resulting in an Ottoman victory. This Greek loss opens the road for the Ottomans to head to Missolonghi.

Key leaders:
Zygouris Tzavelas
1823, Sep 20 - Nov 17
The Second Siege* of Missolonghi, West Greece, resulted in a Greek victory. [Note: this siege is often forgotten and the term "second siege" erroneously applied to the Third Siege of Missolonghi 1825-1826.]
​
Key leaders:
​Kitsos Tzavelas and Mihail Kokkinis
1823 Autumn- 1824, Jun
​The first Greek Civil War took place between 1823 and 1824 and pitted most of the "notable elders" and the government against the military leaders and supporters of the Filiki Eteria. It resulted in a partial victory for the government.
1823, Oct - 1824, Jan
The Destruction of Melidoni occurred at Melidoni, Rethymnon, Crete. 370 women and children and 30 fighters sought refuge in the Gerontospylios cave. They resisted for three months, but the Ottomans set a fire at the entrance of the cave and all were killed due to asphyxia.
1823, Nov 23
The Battle of Karystos was a battle fought at Karystos, Euboea, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Odysseas Androutsos and Bishop Neophytos
1823, Dec 11
The Battle of Gramvousa was a battle fought at the Gramvousa fortress on the island of Crete, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

Key leaders:
Dimitrios Dramalis 
1823, Dec 23-31
The Second Assembly of Western Continental Greece took place in the city of Missolonghi. The main topics of this hastily called assembly was centered mainly upon the wages of fighters, the infighting among military leaders, battle plans, a call for general unity and the abandoning of the area by its residents due to the ongoing war.
1823, Dec 31 - 1826, Apr
Giorgios Kountouriotis served as the third President of the Executive body of the Provisional Administration of Greece until April 26, 1826.​

1824

1824, Jan 1 - 1826, Feb 20
The Greek Chronicles (Ellinika Hronika) was a biweekly political and military newspaper that was issued in Missolonghi, published by Swiss doctor and philhellene Johann Jacob Meyer and printed by Greek typesetter Dimitris Mestheneos. Meyer was killed during the Holocaust of Missolonghi.
1824, Mar 10 -1827, May
The Friend of the Law (Filos Tou Nomou) was a biweekly newspaper that was issued for three years, published by the Italian philhellene Giuseppe Chiappe. This newspaper was the government's newspaper until October of 1825, at which time the government printed their own paper.
1824, Apr 19
The philhellene Lord Byron died in Missolonghi after contracting the flu. Twenty one days of mourning was declared. He spent over £20,000 in personal savings for Greece's independence struggle. Today Byron is remembered as a national hero of Greece for his efforts during the Greek revolution.
1824, May 27 (Jun 8 N.S)
The Kasos Massacre resulted in the total destruction of the island of Kasos by Ottoman-Egyptian forces of Ismael Gibraltar and Djiritli Hüseyn Bey. 500 men were executed and 2,000 women and children were sold as slaves in Egypt and Ottoman-held Crete.
Picture
1824, Jun 21 - Jul 5
The Destruction of Psara (also known as the Holocaust of Psara) resulted in the total annihilation of the island's population by Ottoman forces. Half of the island's 7,000 inhabitants were massacred and some enslaved.
1824, Jul
During the period of the provisional administration of Greece (1822-1827), the government attempted for a second time to establish a professional Hellenic Army. In July of 1824, regular army units were reformed, under Greek Colonel Panagiotis Rodios.
1824, Jul 9 - 1826, Sep 26
Chrysanthus I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by Sultan Mahmud II on September, 26, 1826, after being charged with having an affair. He was exiled to a monastery in Kayseri, Cappadocia. He was very educated, but not well liked.
1824, Jul 14
The Battle of Ambliani was a battle fought in Central Greece, resulting in a very decisive Greek victory. The Ottomans retreated and left cannons, weapons, ammunition and even horses which the Greeks took as spoils of war.

Key leaders:
Kitsos Tzavelas, Drakos Yiotis, Panourgias, Dimos Skaltsas and others.
1824, Aug 5-17
The Battle of Samos was a naval battle fought off the coast of the island of Samos, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Sachtouris, Constantine Kanaris,  Andreas Miaoulis and others
1824, Aug 29
The Battle of Gerontas was a naval battle fought close to the islands of Samos and Leros, resulting in an unexpected, decisive Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Andreas Miaoulis, Giorgios Sachtouris, Dimitrios Papanikolis and others
1824, Sep 14
The Battle of Panasaris was a battle fought in Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Drakos, Dimitrios "Panourgias" Xiros and Christophoros Perraivos
1824, Sep 23
The Battle of Vourgareli was a battle fought in Epirus, resulting in a Greek victory over the powerful Ottoman forces under the command of Omer Vrioni.

Key leaders:
Unknown; 1,000 fighters
1824, Oct - 1825, Feb
The second Greek Civil War took place between 1824 and 1825 and pitted the Roumeliote and Hydra Island Greeks against the Moreote Greeks, resulting in a victory for the Roumeliotes and Hydra Island Greeks. General Theodoros Kolokotronis was imprisoned.
1824, Nov 13
Panos Kolokotronis (eldest son of General Theodoros Kolokotronis) was murdered during the second civil war by order of the revolutionary government near Tripoli, Arcadia.
1824, Dec 17-22
The Third Assembly of Western Continental Greece took place in the city of Anatoliko (today Aitoliko), near the city of Missolonghi. The main topics of this assembly was centered mainly upon the actions taken from the previous year's assembly along with an accounting of the income and expenses of the region.

1825

1825/1826 - 1865
The Russian Party (aka the Napist Party) was one of three Greek parties that dominated the early political history of Greece. The Russian Party was established by a faction led by Andreas Metaxas. The party was officially founded in 1827. It's political position was right-wing.
1825, Mar 15-16
The Battle of Schinolakkas was a battle fought at Messenia, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Anastasios Karatasos, Aggelis Gatsos and Vlachomichalis
1825, Apr 7
The Battle of Kremmydia was a battle fought at Pylos, Messenia, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

Key leaders:
Kitsos Tzavelas, Kyriakos Skourtis, Kostas Botsaris, Giorgios Karaiskakis and others  
1825, Apr 15
The Third Siege of Missolonghi lasted for one year and resulted in an Ottoman-Egyptian victory. This siege led to the Holocaust of Missolonghi on April 10, 1826.

​Key leaders:
Notis Botsaris, Athanasios Razi-Kotsikas, Dimitris Makris, Kitsos Tzavelas and Giorgos Tsogas.
1825, Apr 26 (May 8 N.S)
The Battle of Sphacteria was a battle fought on the islet of Sfakteria, Messenia, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman- Egyptian victory.

Key leaders:
Christos "Anagnostaras" Papageorgiou, Andreas Miaoulis, Anastasios Tsamados and others
1825, May 6
The Fall of Neokastrou was a battle fought at Pylos, Messenia, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman- Egyptian victory.

Key leaders:
Panagiotis Giatrakos, Giorgios Mavromichalis, Stavros Sachinis, Ioannis Makriyannis and others
1825, May 10
During the period of the provisional administration of Greece (1822-1827), the first law on conscription was passed. Months later in July, the command of the entire regular forces was also entrusted to the French Colonel Charles Fabvier. Under Fabvier, the regular corps were expanded, and for the first time came to include the cavalry, military music detachments, and, with Lord Byron's aid, military hospitals.
1825, May 20 (Jun 1 N.S)
​The Battle of Maniaki was a battle fought between Ottoman-Egyptian forces led by Ibrahim Pasha and Greek forces led by Grigorios "Papaflessas" Dikaios and Pieros Voidis, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Both Greek Commanders were killed.
​
Key leaders:
​Grigorios Papaflessas and Pieros Voidis.
1825, May 22
Laskarina "Bouboulina" Pinotsis was assassinated in Spetses as a result of a family feud after her son and the daughter of the Koutsis family secretly eloped. She was a Greek naval commander and is said to be one of the first female admirals of the Imperial Russian Navy.
1825, Summer (c. Jun/Jul)
The Battle of Varypetro was a battle fought on the island of Crete, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Greeks were forced to retreat to Apokorona.

Key leaders:
Liontas Lazopoulos
1825, Jun 5
Odysseas Androutsos was assassinated in Athens by Yannis Gouras, his former second in command, on false charges of collaboration with the Ottomans.
1825, Jun 5-7
The Battle of Trambala was a battle fought in Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Greek morale falls.

Key leaders:
Theodoros Kolokotronis and Gennaios Kolokotronis
1825, Jun 11-22
After the Battle of Trambala, ​Ibrahim Pasha retakes Tripoli with no resistance, kills the majority of the Greek population and destroys the city and its walls.
1825, Jun 24
The Battle of Trikorfa was a battle fought near Tripoli, Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman Victory. The Greek forces numbering 200 were destroyed by a 10,000 strong Ottoman force.

Key leaders:
Gennaios Kolokotronis, Dimitrios Plapoutas and others
1825, Jun 24
The Battle of Lerna Mills (i.e. Battle of Mylous) was a battle fought at Lerna, Argolis, resulting in a decisive Greek victory that saved the city of Nafplion, seat of the government, from capture.

Key leaders: Yannis Makriyannis, Andreas Metaxas, Demetrios Ypsilantis and Konstantinos Mavromichalis
1825, Jun 25
The Slaughter of Vytina occurred at Vytina, Arcadia in the Peloponnese. The Ottomans surrounded the Drakotrypia cave where Greeks were hiding and after a heroic resistance, the Greeks were slaughtered. 
1825, Aug 10
The Greek Raid on Alexandria in Egypt was an unsuccessful naval attempt organized by Greek captain Constantine Kanaris to destroy the Egyptian fleet at its base in Alexandria.

Key leaders:
Constantine Kanaris
1825, Sep 26
The Battle of Kakosalesi was a battle fought at Avlona, Attica, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Athanasios Skourtaniotis
1825, Oct 7 - 1832, Mar 23
The General Gazette of Greece (Geniki Efimeris Tis Ellados) was the official publication of the Greek administration, and was printed for seven years. It was shut down after the resignation of Governor Avgoustinos Kapodistrias in 1832 and  was succeeded by the National Gazette.
1825, Nov 9-10
The Battle of Vartholomios was a battle fought in Elis, Peloponnese between civilians and an Ottoman- Egyptian cavalry, resulting in a retreat for both sides due to torrential rains.

Key leaders:
Greek civilian resistance

1826

1826, Mar 25
The Battle of Klisova was a battle that took place on the islet of Klisova, in the Gulf of Patras, resulting in a very decisive victory for the Greeks. The Greeks were outnumbered 131 men to 6,000. Surrounded, the Greeks heroically defended their positions resulting in the death of over 4,000 Ottomans and 24 Greeks.

Key leaders:
​Kitsos Tzavelas, Panos Sotiropoulos and Kitsos Paschos
1826, Apr 10-11
​The Holocaust of Missolonghi (also known as the Sortie of Missolonghi) occurred at the end of the third siege of the city. The Greeks held out for almost a year before they ran out of food and attempted a mass breakout. Most of the Greeks were slain. This defeat resulted in widespread international sympathy for the Greek cause.

​Key leaders:
​Notis Botsaris, Athanasios Razi-Kotsikas, Dimitris Makris, Kitsos Tzavelas, and Giorgos Tsogas.
1826, Apr 26 - 1827, Apr
The Executive body of the Provisional Administration of Greece was superseded by a new body known as Government Commission for the Provisional Administration of Greece. 
1826, Apr 26 - 1827, Apr
Andreas Zaimis served as the President of the
Government Commission for the Provisional Administration of Greece, 
until April 14, 1827.​
1826, May 20-26
The Siege of Varnakova Monastery occurred in Central Greece, resulting in an Ottoman victory. 150 Greek fighters had taken refuge at the monastery after the Holocaust of Missolonghi. After a week of fighting the Greeks retreated, resulting in the destruction of the monastery by Ottomans.

Key leaders:
Ioannis Fraggistas and Kalyvas
1826, Jun 21 - Aug 28
The Ottoman-Egyptian Invasion of Mani was a campaign that consisted of three battles - the Battle of Vergas, the Battle of Diro, and the Battle of Polytsaravo. The Maniots fought against and defeated a combined Egyptian and Ottoman army under the command of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.

Key leaders: Petros Mavromichalis
1826, Jul 10-11
The Battle of the Thriasian Plains was a battle fought in Attica, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Vasos Mavrovouniotis and Nikolaos Krieziotis
1826, Jul 18
The Battle of Mehmetaga was a battle fought in Arcadia, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Hatzimichalis Dalianis, Nikitas "Nikitaras" Stamatelopoulos and Panagiotis Giatrakos
1826, Aug 3 - 1827, May
The Fall of the Acropolis was a battle fought in Athens. The Greeks fell into panic after Giorgios Karaiskakis' death in April of 1827, resulting in mass desertion and surrender of the Acropolis to the Turks on May 24, 1827.

Key leaders:
Yannis Gouras, Giorgios Karaiskakis, Nikolaos Krieziotis, Charles Fabvier and Ioannis Makriyannis
1826, Aug 6 and 8
The Battle of Chaidari was a series of two battles fought in Chaidari, Athens, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Greeks retreated to Eleusina.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Karaiskakis
1826, Sep 26 - 1830, Jul 5
​Agathangelus I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Ottoman Porte on July 5, 1830, due to a bribery scandal. He was very well educated, speaking five languages fluently. In 1828 he wrote a letter to the Kapodistrias government demanding that Greeks submit to the Sultan. That act branded him a traitor by Greek revolutionaries.
1826, Oct 16
The Battle of Domvrena was a battle fought in Domvrena, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek and Turkish retreat due to a food shortage.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Karaiskakis
1826, Nov - 1828
The site of the Provisional Government of Greece was moved to the island of Aegina due to continued infighting by various Greek factions.
1826, Nov 18-24
The Battle of Arachova was a battle fought in the town of Arachova, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Karaiskakis
1826, Dec 5
The Battle of Tourkochori was a battle fought in a village near Atalanti, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Karaiskakis

1827

1827, Jan 17
The Battle of Distomo was a battle fought in Distomo, Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Giorgios Karaiskakis, Notis Botsaris, Kostas Botsaris, Vasilis Bousgos and others
1827, Jan 27
The Battle of Kamatero was a battle fought in Attica, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The city of Elefsina falls.

Key leaders:
Vasos Mavrovouniotis, Dionisios Vourvachis and Panagiotis Notaras 
1827, Jan 30 - Feb 20
The Battle at Kastella was a battle fought at Piraeus, Attica, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Ioannis Makriyannis, Spyros Dontas, Dimitrios Benizelos and others
1827, Feb 20
The Battle of Treis Pyrgoi was a battle fought in Attica, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

Key leaders:
Spyros Dontas and others 
1827, Mar 4-5
The Battle of Keratsini was a battle fought at Piraeus, Attica, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
​Giorgios Karaiskakis, Tousias Botsaris and Gardikiotis Grivas
1827, Mar 19 - May 5
The Third National Assembly at Troezen was the third Greek National Assembly held during revolutionary period. It established the position of "Governor of Greece" and on April 3, 1827, delegates elected Count Ioannis Kapodistrias to that new position for a seven year term. The assembly proclaimed the Hellenic State and dissolved the Provisional Administration of Greece which had been functioning since 1822.
1827, Apr 14 - 1828, Jan
The Provisional Administration of Greece was disestablished at the Third National Assembly at Troezen. In its place, the assembly established the
Vice-Governmental Commission, a provisional government set up until the arrival of Ioannis Kapodistrias for the assumption of the position of Governor of Greece in the newly proclaimed
Hellenic State.
1827, Apr 14 - 1828, Jan
​Giorgios Mavromichalis served as President of the Vice-Governmental Commission, until the arrival of Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias on January 18, 1828. This temporary position was abolished upon the arrival of Ioannis Kapodistrias.
1827, Apr 22-24
The Battle of Phaleron (i.e. Battle of Analatos) was a battle fought in Phaleron, Attica, resulting in an Ottoman victory by forces under the command of Mehmed Reshid Pasha. During the battle, Giorgios Karaiskakis was killed in action.

Key leaders:
​Giorgios Karaiskakis, Yannis Makriyiannis, Ioannis Notaras, Lord Cochrane and Sir Richard Church
1827, Jun 24
The Battle of Mega Spilaio was a battle fought at Kalavryta, Peloponnese, resulting in Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Nikolaos Petimezas, Fotakos, Gerasimos Torolos and others
1827, Jul 6 (N.S)
The Treaty of London of 1827 was signed. The function of the treaty was for the Ottoman Empire to recognize Greece's independence with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of Greece. The Ottomans declined to accept the treaty which pushed the Great Powers to commence the Battle of Navarino.
1827, Aug 26-27
The Battle of Kaukaria was a battle fought in Achaea, Peloponnese, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Dimitrios Plapoutas
1827, Sep 16 - 1828, Mar
Gregory IV Argyrokastritis was elected Metropolitan of Athens, until his death a few months later in March 1828. Years earlier he was inducted into the secret Filiki Eteria and incited Greeks to revolt on the island of Euboea during the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence.
1827, Oct 20 (N.S)
The Battle of Navarino was a naval battle fought in the Navarino Bay (today Pylos, Messenia) resulting in a decisive Great Powers victory (United Kingdom, France and Russia). The sinking of the Ottomans' Mediterranean fleet saved the fledgling Greek Republic from collapse.

1828

1828, Jan 18
Count Ioannis Kapodistrias assumed the position of the first Governor of Greece. From Nafplion, the first capital of Greece, he ushered in a new era in the recently liberated country. He founded schools, foundations for young women to work, and inaugurated the first university.
1828, Jan 18 - 1832, May
The Hellenic State which was proclaimed in 1827 during the Third National Assembly at Troezen succeeded the provisional Vice-Governmental Commission the moment that Ioannis Kapodistrias assumed his role as the Governor of Greece. The Seal of Greece (as pictured above) was used for all government business until 1832. The assassination of Kapodistrias resulted in the dissolution of the first Hellenic State.
1828, Jan 18 - 1829
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, established the advisory
body Panellinion. The formation of this body replaced the previous Legislative body of the provisional government. A year later, this body was dissolved and replaced by the Senate. 
1828, Jan 28
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, established the "War Council" upon his arrival in Greece. He felt that in order for the new state to survive, this council would be of utmost importance for the security of Greece. 
1828, c. Jan 28 - Present
The small naval fleet that existed upon the arrival of Governor Kapodistrias was officially recognized as the Hellenic Navy. The most important ship in the fleet was the American-made Hellas, constructed in 1825 and delivered to Greece in 1826. Since the outbreak of the Greek revolution of 1821, various merchant fleets acted as a de facto navy.
1828, c. Jan 28 - Present
Governor Kapodistrias' government decided to change the previously in use merchant naval flag, replacing it with the cross-and-stripes naval flag. The government decided that all Greek ships at sea must use one naval flag.
1828, Jan 31
Alexandros Ypsilantis died in extreme poverty and misery In Vienna. He was a Greek politician, member of a prominent Phanariot Greek family, prince of the Danubian Principalities, senior officer of the Imperial Russian cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars, and a leader of the secretive Filiki Eteria.
1828, Feb 2 - 1834
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, signed a decree for the establishment of the 'National Financial Bank.' It was established on the island of Aegina and was the first bank of the new Greek state. The bank was dissolved in 1834. It distributed the 'Phoenix' - the first modern currency of Greece.
1828, Mar - 1833, July 27
Anthimos VII was elected
Metropolitan of Athens, until July 27, 1833, when he was relocated to the island of Euboea to serve as bishop of Euboea.
1828, Apr 16 -1829, Sep
The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 was a war between the Russian and Ottoman empires, resulting in a decisive Russian victory on 14 September 1829. War broke out after Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships in retaliation for Russian participation in October 1827 in the Battle of Navarino.
1828, Jul 1 - present
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, signed a decree for the establishment of the Hellenic Military Academy (aka Evelpidon). It is the Officer cadet school of the Greek Army and the oldest third-level educational institution in Greece. The School also trains cadets on behalf of foreign allied countries.
1828, Sep - Dec 12 (N.S)
The Conference of Poros took place as the Russo-Turkish war was being fought. It was a meeting held from September to December 1828 by British, French and Russian diplomats to determine the final borders of independent Greece. There were two main border options presented along with alternatives. The Ottomans rejected all recommendations of the conference.
1828, September 28
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, signed a decree "on the establishment of regular postal transport", establishing the General Post Office, today known as the Hellenic Post.
1828, Nov 16 (N.S)
The London Protocol of 1828 was an agreement  between the three Great Powers (Great Britain, France and Russia). It took place as the Russo-Turkish War was being fought. It established the creation of an internally autonomous, but tributary Greek state under Ottoman Empire suzerainty. Months later, it was amended by the second London Protocol of 1829.

1829

1829 - present
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, established the National Library (today the National Library of Greece). The original idea for the establishment of a National Library belonged to philhellene Johann Jakob Mayer, in an article he wrote in August 1824 in the Hellenic Chronicles.
1829
Music composer Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros wrote the first musical setting to poet Dionisios Solomos' "Hymn to Liberty." He revised the musical setting to this poem multiple times and his final rendition in 1861 would become the official music setting of this poem that became the national anthem of Greece in 1865.
1829, Jan 29
The Battle of Martino was a battle fought in Central Greece, resulting in a Greek victory.
​
Key leaders:
Vasos Mavrovouniotis
1829, Mar 3 - 1834
Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias moved the site of the Greek Government back to Nafplion.
1829, Mar 5
The Battle of Koronisia was a battle fought in Epirus, resulting in a Greek victory.

Key leaders:
Sir Richard Church and Athanasios Koutsonikas
1829, Mar 22 (N.S)
The London Protocol of 1829 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia), which amended the first London Protocol of 1828. It took place as the Russo-Turkish War was being fought. Greece's northern land border was proposed for the Arta-Volos line.
1829, Jun 2
The Battle of Αniforitou was a battle fought in Central Greece, resulting in a Turkish retreat.

Key leaders:
​Dimitrios Ypsilantis
1829, Jul 11 - Aug 6
The Fourth National Assembly at Argos was the fourth Greek National  Assembly held during the revolutionary period. It ended on August 6, 1829. The assembly adopted a series of political reforms, including the creation of the 27-member Senate, and the adoption of the 'Phoenix' as country's currency.
1829, Jul 22 - 1833, Jan
During the Fourth National Assembly at Argos, the Panellinion advisory body was abolished and the Senate was established in its place. Its first session took place months later in October. It was composed of 27 members, most of whom were selected by Governor Kapodistrias. The Senate seized to function upon the arrival of King Otto to the Kingdom of Greece.
1829, Jul 28
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, established via a decree (13559) the Engineering of the Greek Army as the "Corps of Fortification and Architecture of the Greek army officers." The first chief of the Engineer Corps was French Captain Garnou.
1829, Jul 31 - 1833
During the Fourth National Assembly at Argos a vote established the creation of the 'National Mint.' The Mint was located on the island of Aegina in a secret location. From this period it was the official issuer of the 'Phoenix.' In 1833, the National Mint in Aegina ceased operation and was moved to Athens and rebranded as 'Royal Mint.'
1829, Sep 12
The Battle of Petra was the final battle in the Greek War of Independence, resulting in a Greek victory by the newly established regular army. This battle was led by Dimitrios Ypsilantis who ended the war started by his brother, Alexandros Ypsilantis, eight and a half years earlier.

Key leaders:
​Dimitrios Ypsilantis, Nikolaos Kriezotis.
1829, Sep 14
​The Treaty of Adrianople of 1829 (i.e. Treaty of Edirne of 1829) concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 between Russia and the Ottoman empires. With this treaty, the Ottoman Empire was forced to accept some form of independence for Greece. At this point in history, the Great Powers were inclined towards full independence and no longer for autonomy.
1829, Sep 27
The Account and Auditing Council was established by a resolution a month earlier at the Fourth National Assembly at Argos. This was a special body for the audit of state expenditures and was accountable directly to the Governor. In 1833, the Hellenic Court of Audit would succeed it.

1830 - 1832

1830, Feb 3 (N.S)
The London Protocol of 1830 was an agreement signed between the Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) that amended the border decisions of the London Protocol (1829). The Ottomans recognized Greece's independence along with the new (but reduced) borders at the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line.
1830, Jul 6 - 1834, Aug 18
Constantius I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned from his position on August 18, 1834, to devote the rest of life to studying, writing and researching. He was a quiet and very likable man who valued education. He established many schools, made many repairs to churches and raised funds for various philanthropic purposes.
1831, Jul 27 - Aug 13
​The Greek coup d'état attempt of 1831 was a naval mutiny organized by Andreas Miaoulis against the government of Ioannis Kapodistrias, leading to Miaoulis burning the fleet on 13 August in the port of Poros. Among the burned fleet were the important frigate the Hellas, and two corvettes the Hydra and the Spetsai.
1831, Sep 27 (Oct 9 N.S)
The Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias, was assassinated by members of the Mavromichalis clan to avenge the jailing of the patriarch of their family, Petros Mavromichalis. The conspirators, Konstantinos and his nephew Giorgios, killed the Governor at the steps of the Saint Spyridon church in Nafplion. Chaos ensued in Greece.
1831, Sep 27 (Oct 9 N.S)
Upon the assassination of Governor Kapodistrias, Giorgios Mavromichalis ran away, but Konstantinos Mavromichalis was killed immediately with a bullet to the head by Giorgios Kozonis, the bodyguard of the late Governor. A brutal melee ensued and an enraged crowd hacked and dismembered the body of Konstantinos and threw his remains in the sea.
1831, Oct 9 (Oct 21 N.S)
Giorgios Mavromichalis evaded capture, after his role in the assassination of Governor Kapodistrias, by taking refuge in the French Embassy. He was forced to surrender to authorities and executed by a firing squad in front of his father Petros Mavromichalis who was serving time in jail.
1831, Dec 5 - 1832, Mar
The Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion was the fifth and final Greek National Assembly held during the revolutionary period. It convened at Argos initially, before moving to Nafplion. This assembly elected Augoustinos Kapodistrias as Governor and adopted a new constitution. It ended on March 17, 1832.
1831, Dec 20
Augustinos Kapodistrias succeeded his brother as Head of the Governing Council, and the office of the Governor of Greece. As Greece slid into chaos and anarchy after his brother's assassination, he announced his resignation to the Senate on March 28, 1832.
1832, Mar 15
The Political Constitution was passed during the Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion. Aware and in total awe of the American Revolutionary War and its aftermath in the United States, delegates of the assembly based the Political Constitution on the American Constitution, but it was never implemented and abandoned.
1832, Apr 17 - 1833, Feb
The National Gazette
(Ethniki Efimeris) was the official publication of the Greek government, and was printed for one year. It was succeeded by the Government Gazette.
1832, May 7 (N.S)
The London Conference of 1832 convened between the Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) in order to establish a stable government in Greece. It was conducted without consultation of the Greeks. It resulted in the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece under a Bavarian Prince and the final borders set at the Arta-Volos line.