​​Select a historical era for Greece

1. Fall of Constantinople and Ottoman Era
   1453 - 1820
   
   
2. Greek War of Independence and the First Hellenic Republic
   1821 - 1832
   
   
3. Kingdom of Greece
   1832 - 1924
   [In 1878 the history of Greece and Cyprus diverge. See Cyprus history section below.]
   
   
4. Second Hellenic Republic
   1924 - 1935
   
   
5. Kingdom of Greece Restored
   1935 - 1967
   
   
6. Military Dictatorship
   1967 - 1974
   
   
7. Third Hellenic Republic
   1974 - today

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Select a historical era for Cyprus

1. British Cyprus
   1878-1960
   
   
2. Independent Cyprus
   ​1960-1974
   
   
3. Coup D'état and Turkish Invasion and Occupation of Cyprus
   1974
   
   
4. Restoration of Constitutional Order
   1974 - today

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Fall of Constantinople and Ottoman Era (1453-1820)

1450's

Prior to 1453
Prior to the Fall of Constantinople, most of northern Greece and parts of the Balkans were already under Ottoman control. Western powers also controlled various areas in Greece as well. The western powers and the Ottoman Empire will remain at odds for close to five centuries, while the Greeks yearned for their freedom.

1453, May 29
The Fall of Constantinople took place when Sultan Mehmed II captured the city of Constantinople. It is claimed that the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos, gave an impassioned speech to his subjects on the 28th and died in battle on the 29th. From this day in 1453 until 1821, the Greeks revolted over 123 known times.

1453, May 29
​The reigning Patriarch of Constantinople, Athanasius II, was killed during the Fall of Constantinople. The Holy Synod's meeting minutes that refer to his election is considered a forgery by some historians who believe that the nominal patriarch in that period was the unionist Gregory III who was living in Rome since 1451.

1454, Jan 6 - 1456, Jan 6
Gennadius II Scholarius was elected Patriarch of Constantinople in the aftermath of the Fall of Constantinople. He was selected by the Sultan, Mehmed II, due to his outspoken anti-Catholic views. Gennadius quickly became very unhappy with the Sultan's violent treatment of Christians and resigned.

1454, Jan 6 - present
Patriarch Gennadios II Scholarius established the first Greek school in Constantinople, known now as the 'Great School of the Nation.' It became the school for the prominent Phanariote Greek families and other Orthodox Christians. The current school building is located in the Fener district in Istanbul.

1455
The north Aegean island of Tenedos was conquered by Sultan Mehmed II. It became the first island in the Aegean Sea that was controlled by the Ottoman Empire.

1456
The Duchy of Athens was conquered by Sultan Mehmed II. The duchy was a remnant duchy of the Fourth Crusade. From Athens, Ottoman forces headed south into the Morea (i.e. Peloponnese).

1456-1457
​The north Aegean island of Imbros was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

1456-1457
The north Aegean island of Thasos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

1456-1457
The north Aegean island of Samothrace was  conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

1456/57 - 1478, May 21
The north Aegean island of Limnos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans lost the island for a short period during the First Ottoman-Venetian War which ended in 1479.

1456, Jan 15 - 1462, Mar
Isidore II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople until his death on March 31, 1462. He was very well liked and was one of only a few patriarchs whose reign was peaceful during the entire Ottoman era.

1457
The Greek uprising in Mani of 1457 took place and was one of the first Greek revolts that took place in Peloponnese during  the Ottoman era. It was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire, but not conquered.

1458
The Greek revolt in Patras of 1458 took place. It was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1460's - 1490's

1460, May 31
The majority of the Despotate of Morea (i.e. Peloponnese) was conquered by Sultan Mehmed II. Small pockets remained uncaptured for decades, while the interior of Mani resisted Ottoman advances for four hundred years.

1460, Sep 14 - 1461
The Siege of Trebizond was the siege of the city of Trebizond, Pontus, capital of the Empire of Trebizond. After a year under siege, the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II, finally captured the city on August 15, 1461.

1461, Jul
The Salmeniko Castle in the Achaea region of the Morea (i.e. Peloponnese) was taken. Salmeniko was the last stronghold in the Morea to offer heavy resistance under the command of Graitzas Palaiologos.

1461, End of year
By the end of 1461, only Vonitsa, Monemvasia, Butrinto (today in Albania), Parga, Lepanto, Modon, Koron, Navarino, Argos, Nafplion and Pteleon remained uncaptured on the Greek mainland by the Ottomans.

1462
The northeastern Aegean island of Lesvos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

1462, Apr - 1463, Jun
Gennadius II Scholarius was elected a second time as
Patriarch of Constantinople.
He was called back to guide the Greek Orthodox community during a very turbulent period that followed the death of the previous patriarch, Isidore II. Historians are unsure if Gennadios ascended the throne a second time or was just brought back to keep the peace.

1463
The Greek revolt in Mani of 1463 took place during the First Ottoman-Venetian War, led by the Epirote Greek Krokodeilos Kladas. It was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire. Mani remained self-governed in exchange for an annual tribute, which was only paid once.

1463 - 1466, Aug 10
The Greek revolt in Patras of 1463-1466 took place during the First Ottoman-Venetian War, led by Mihail Rallis, Petros Bouas and bishop Neophytos of Patras. It was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire. Over 560 Greeks were arrested and executed as punishment.

1463 - 1479, Jan 25 
The First Ottoman-Venetian War was fought between the Republic of Venice and her allies and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Ottomans capture Venetian holdings in Greece and Albania.

1463, Aug - 1464, Aug
Sophronius I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople until his death one year later in August 1464. It is believed that Sophronius accidentally died after falling down a set of stairs.

1464, Aug - 1465, Fall
Gennadios II Scholarius was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople after the untimely death of Sophronius I. Historians are unsure if Gennadios ascended the throne a third time or was just brought back to keep the peace.

1465, Fall - 1466, Apr 10
Joasaph I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople until he was deposed by Sultan Mehmed II, after he refused to conduct an illegal second wedding for the already-married wealthy Greek scholar, George Amiroutzes. After attempting to commit suicide due to pressure, he was deposed and went into exile in Anchialos.

1466, Apr 10 - c. June [?]
Mark II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople until he walked away from the throne months later, after he was slandered and humiliated by a group of wealthy Greeks who met with the Ottoman Porte to pay for their own candidate for patriarch. Mark was well-educated and often referred to as the "philosopher."

1466, c. June - Dec
Symeon I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople after a group of wealthy Greeks paid the Ottoman Porte 2,000 gold coins to buy the position. This simoniac incident was the start of centuries of buying the throne, and other church offices and roles by the wealthy elite. He was deposed at the end of the year after the Sultan's own stepmother bought the throne for her own preferred candidate.

1467, Jan 15 - 1471, Dec 
Dionysius I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople after the Sultan's mother paid 2,000 gold coins to her step-son Mehmed II to install him. He remained on the throne until 1471 when he was slandered by some clerics that he had converted to Islam and circumcised (an Islamic practice). After proving to a synod of his opponents that he was neither a Muslim nor circumcised, he was still deposed by them.

1470, Jul 12
During the First Ottoman-Venetian War, the most important Venetian holding in Greece, the island of Negroponte (i.e. Euboea), was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

1471, Dec - 1475, Spring
Symeon I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan due to rumors about the patriarch, and a very large outstanding debt of 7,000 gold coins owing to the Ottoman Porte. During his reign, on October 10, 1474, the Holy Synod had accepted the terms of an annual tax payment of 2,000 gold coins to the Ottoman Porte.

1473, Summer - 1479, Jan
The Himara revolt of 1473 took place during the First Ottoman-Venetian War, led by Ioannis Vlassis and a small group of Greeks from Corfu. With the help of local Christian rebels from Himara, the area was freed from Ottoman control until 1479.

1473, Jul 6
Following the death of James II in 1473, the last Lusignan king of Cyprus, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead.

1475
The Greek Principality of Theodoros (located in Crimea) was conquered by the Ottoman Albanian Gedik Ahmed Pasha. The Principality was the last remnant territory of the Roman Empire.

1475*
The east Aegean island of Samos was captured by the Ottoman Empire.

* Note: some historical sources show Samos being officially captured by the Ottoman Empire c. 1479/80. This is due to the Ottoman Empire recognizing Genoese authority between 1475 to 1479.

1475, Spring - 1476
Raphael I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and jailed by the Sultan for failure to pay his promised gift. Raphael was a Serb and was elevated to the throne with the help of the Sultan's stepmother (also a Serb). He had promised 700 gold coins as a gift to the Sultan if elevated, but he failed to raise the sum. The Greeks opposed his enthronement due to his lack of knowledge in Greek and his alcohol addiction. He died shortly thereafter in jail.

1476 - 1482, Apr 3
Maximus III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople until his death. He was a lay person when he was elected, so his ceremony occurred in two days - the first day becoming a monk and the second day being consecrated a bishop and enthroned. He was a peace maker who brought stability and consensus to the Church in a period marked by divisions since 1453. Although in good terms with the Sultan, he was punished by him a decade earlier (nose cut off) for siding with Joasaph I against bigamy.

1476, Jan 30
The first printed book entirely in Greek 'The Erotimata of Constantine Lascaris' was printed in Milan by the Diogini da Paravicino print house. The font was created by typographer Demetrios Damilas. Lascaris had fled to Milan after the fall of Constantinople.

1478, May 21 -1479, Jan
The Greek revolt on the island of Lemnos of 1478 took place during the First Ottoman-Venetian War and was the first local revolt led by a woman. Upon seeing her father Isidoros killed, the 18-year-old Maroula Komninos grabbed her father's sword and incited the Greeks to revolt. The Ottomans retreated for a brief period upon which the Venetians controlled the island.

1479
The four islands of the 'County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos' (composed of Lefkada, Ithaca, Zakynthos and Cephalonia) were all conquered by the Ottoman Empire after the defeat of the island's last Count, Leonardo III Tocco.

1479 - 1481
The Greek revolt in Mani of 1479-1481 took place and is considered the first 'well organized revolt.' It was led by the Epirote Greek Krokodeilos Kladas and 16,000 men. He raised his red revolutionary banner and freed Mani and Argos. In 1481 the revolt was suppressed and Kladas fled to Epirus.

1479, Jan 25
In Constantinople, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Constantinople, ending the First Ottoman-Venetian War which had lasted for 15 years.

1479, Jan 25
The north Aegean island of Lemnos which was taken from the Ottomans during the First Ottoman-Venetian War is reverted to Ottoman control as was stipulated in the Treaty of Constantinople of 1479.

1480-1483
A year after the Ottomans conquered the islands of the 'County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos' the young Antonio Tocco conducted a surprise attack and recaptured two of the previously lost islands - Zante (i.e. Zakynthos) in 1482 and Cephalonia in 1483 and held on to them for a very brief period until a treaty decided the fate of the islands in 1485.

1480, May 23 - Aug 17
The Siege of Rhodes of 1480 was the first unsuccessful Ottoman attempt trying to capture the island of Rhodes, resulting in a Knights Hospitaller victory.

1481, Aug - 1492
The Greek revolt in Epirus of 1481 took place and was led by Krokodeilos Kladas. Having fled Mani with 15,000 men, Kladas freed large swaths of Epirus (in areas of modern Greece and Albania). In 1490, Kladas was caught and skinned alive. In 1492, the revolt collapsed.

1482, Apr 3 - 1486 Fall
Symeon I was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was removed from the throne. Unlike his first election, the 2,000 gold coins he paid for his third elevation was listed in the Ottoman berat (i.e. letters patent) as a "mandatory payment." During his reign he called a synod in 1484 at which the Synod of Florence of 1431-49 was condemned as being non-canonical.

1485-1500
In the 1485 treaty between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, the island of Cephalonia was given to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans retained the island until 1500.

1485-1500
​In the 1485 treaty between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, Venice agreed to pay an annual financial tribute for Zante (i.e. Zakynthos) to the Ottoman Empire. The annual tribute was maintained until 1500.

1486, Fall - 1488, Winter 
Niphon II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed due to an inheritance scandal after his predecessor died without leaving a will. To stop the transfer of the property to the Ottoman treasury, Niphon hatched a plan presenting a fake nephew as the previous patriarch's legitimate heir. When Sultan Bayezid II realized the ruse, Niphon was deposed and exiled, and all others punished.

1488
The Himara Revolt of 1488 was a Christian revolt of Greeks, Albanians and Slavs that took place in Himara, northern Epirus (today in Albania) against the Ottomans. It was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1488, Jul - 1490, c. Dec
Dionysius I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by Athonite monks who opposed him. Some historians state that due to his old age during his second term, Dionysius reigned as patriarch from a monastery in Drama, Macedonia, at where he had moved to in 1471.

1489
Venice forced Queen Catherine Cornaro of Cyprus to abdicate, and the island became a colony of the Republic of Venice until the island was taken by the Ottoman Empire in 1571.

1491, c. Jan - 1497, c. Jun
Maximus IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned. He was initially supported by his Athonite brothers, but a contingent of monks on Athos that opposed him forced him to resign due to an ongoing conflict with them. During his reign he defended the rights of Orthodox Christians living in the Venetian Republic.

1492-1496
The Greek revolt in Epirus of 1492-1496 took place and was led by Andreas Palaiologos, Konstantinos Arianitis and the Bishop of Durrachion. Epirus and some areas in Thessaly were freed, but the revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1497, c. Jun - 1498, Aug
Niphon II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed due to conspiracies that were circulated by the former Patriarch Maximus IV. The Sultan became infuriated with what he was hearing and deposed and exiled Niphon to Adrianople.

1498, c. Sep - 1502, c. Mar
Joachim I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan for ordering the construction of a church without permission. He was virtuous and very well-liked by his flock who raised 1,000 gold coins to pay a bribe to Ottoman officials to protect his reign after a Metropolitan offered the Sultan a bribe to take the throne.

1499, Jun -1503, Jul 30
The Second Ottoman–Venetian War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for control of the lands that were contested between the two parties, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

1500's - 1550's

1500 - 1503, Aug 31
During the Second Ottoman-Venetian War, the Ionian island of Ithaca was captured by a Spanish-Venetian army for a brief period.

1500, July (or Aug) - Sept
During the Second Ottoman-Venetian War, the Battle of Modon was a battle that was fought in Methoni, Peloponnese, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Modon (Methoni) and Coron (Koroni) fell.
​Marco Gabriel, rector of the fortress of Methoni in 1500 is pictured.

1500, Nov 8 - Dec 24
During the Second Ottoman-Venetian War, the Siege of the Castle of Saint George was a siege that took place on the island of Cephalonia, resulting in the capture of the island by a Spanish-Venetian army.

1502-1503
During the Second Ottoman-Venetian War, the Ionian island of Lefkada (i.e. Santa Maura) was briefly held by the Venetians.

1503
During the Second Ottoman-Venetian War, the Greek revolt of 1503 took place in various areas of Greece and was incited and led by Markos Mousouros. The revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1503-1504, c. Jan
Pachomius I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until a group supporting the previous well-liked Patriarch Joachim I paid a bribe of 3,500 gold coins to the Sultan to reelevate him to the throne after Pachomius failed to find the funds needed to pay the Patriarchate's debt obligations towards the Ottoman Porte.

1503, Jul 30
A peace treaty was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, formally ending the Second Ottoman-Venetian War.

1503, Jul 30
As per the peace treaty signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, Venice retains the Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Zante (i.e. Zakynthos) and agreed to pay an annual tribute of 500 ducats to the Ottoman Empire. The tribute lasts until 1699.

1503, Aug 31 - 1684
As per the peace treaty signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, the Ionian island of Lefkada (i.e. Santa Maura) was returned to the Ottoman Empire. The island will remain under Ottoman control until 1684.

1504, c. Jan - c. Mar
Joachim I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death a few months after ascending the throne. During his second term, Joachim wanted to bring peace to the Church by reconciling with his political enemies in the Principality of Wallachia. However, during his stay in Wallachia, he died.

1504, c. Mar - 1513, Early
Pachomius I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death due to poisoning. During his reign, in 1509 he excommunicated the Roman Curia-appointed bishop of Monemvasia after the bishop declared himself "in communion with both Churches." In 1513, on the way back to Turkey from a meeting in Wallachia, a monk in his service poisoned him.

1513, c. Jun - 1522, Dec
Theoleptus I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death. He was very close to Sultan Selim I who he paid a 4,000 gold coin bribe, to ascend the throne. After the Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516-1517, the power of the Patriarch grew due to the territorial annexation of the Levant, Palestine and Egypt. When Selim I died, the patriarch lost his protector, and the Holy Synod charged him with immorality. He died before the judgement.

1521
The Aegean island of Icaria was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Icarian Greeks, however, immediately rebelled by  killing the first Turkish tax collector of the island. No one was ever punished because the islanders refused to identify those responsible.

1522, Jun 14 - 1523, Jan
The Ottoman Empire embarked in a prolonged siege and the eventual occupation of the island of Kos in the summer of 1522. In January of 1523, the previous rulers of the island, the Knights of St. John, handed the Aegean island over to the Turks after the neighboring island of Rhodes was also captured.

1522, Jun 24/26 - Dec 22
The Siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second siege of Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire, resulting in an Ottoman victory. The Ottoman Empire annexed the island of Rhodes and secured its supremacy in the east Mediterranean. The previous rulers, the Knights of St. John were expelled from the island.

1522, Dec 31 - 1524, May
Jeremias I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the clergy and the nobility of Constantinople while he was visiting Jerusalem. Upon learning that they had elevated Joannicius I to the patriarchal throne, he summoned both the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch, and signed the excommunication of his replacement.

1524, May - 1525, Sep 24
Joannicius I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by Suleiman I. His reign was never accepted by the Greek community as he was installed in a secretive fashion while the previous patriarch was visiting Jerusalem. Joannicius was excommunicated by his predecessor, and as such, the Sultan deposed him. Joannicius is considered an illegitimate patriarch.

1525
The Greek revolt of 1525 was incited and led by Ianos Laskaris. The revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1525, Sep 24 -1546, Jan 13
Jeremias I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death. During his second term he restored many churches that were slated to be demolished by the Ottoman Porte and was successful in getting an official order to stop the conversion of churches to mosques. He died while travelling to Wallachia.

1529-1531
The Greek revolt on the island of Rhodes of 1529-1531 took place and was led by bishop Efthymios. The revolt was organized after Venice pledged support. The Venetians failed to follow through, and the bishop was tortured and executed.

1532
The Greek revolt in Patras of 1532 took place with the aid of a Spanish fleet led by the Geonese Andrea Doria. It was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1537, c. Mar - 1540, Oct 2
The Third Ottoman-Venetian War was fought between the Holy League commanded by the Genoese Andrea Doria and the Ottoman Empire commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

1537
During the Third Ottoman-Venetian War, the Aegean island of Mykonos was attacked and captured by the Ottoman Empire. Upon its capture, an Ottoman fleet was established on the island.

1537
​During the Third Ottoman Venetian War, the southeastern island of Kasos was captured by the Ottoman Empire.

1537, Aug-Sep
During the Third Ottoman-Venetian War, the Siege of Corfu was an unsuccessful Ottoman attempt trying to capture the island of Corfu, resulting in a Venetian victory.

1537, October
During the Third Ottoman-Venetian War, the island of Aegina, located across from Athens, was captured by the Ottoman Empire and held until 1654.

1538, Summer
During the Third Ottoman-Venetian War, the Cycladic islands that comprised the Duchy of the Archipelago (i.e. Duchy of Naxos) became a tributary of the Ottoman Empire.

1538, c. Summer
During the Third Ottoman-Venetian War the southeastern Aegean island of Karpathos was captured by the Ottoman Empire.

1538, c. Summer
During the Third Ottoman-Venetian War the northern Sporades islands located in the Aegean Sea were captured by the Ottoman Empire.

1538, Sep 28
During the Third Ottoman-Venetian War the Battle of Preveza was a battle fought in the Ionian Sea at Preveza, Epirus, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

1540, Oct 2
A treaty was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the Third Ottoman-Venetian War. Aside from Venice formally ceding captured islands to the Ottomans under the treaty, among other items, Venice had to surrender various fortresses and agreed to pay war reparations of 300,000 ducats.

1540, Oct 2
As per the treaty signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, Nafplion and Monemvasia, the last Venetian possessions in the Peloponnese, were officially ceded to the Ottoman Empire.

1540, Oct 2
As per the treaty signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, Aegina was officially ceded into the Ottoman Empire. The island remained under Ottoman control until it was briefly recaptured by Venice in 1654.

1546, Apr 17 - 1556, Jul
Dionysius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was murdered in a church by a parishioner, because the Sultan would not depose him. His reign caused constant riots due to both his very friendly communications with the Catholic Pope Paul III, and also that he purposely raised the annual tribute to the Ottoman Porte to 3,000 gold coins, a move that gained him protection by the Sultan.

1556, Jul - 1565, Jan 15
Joasaph II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by a synod of sixty bishops for fraud. During his reign, he successfully negotiated the lowering of the annual church tax to 1,000 gold coins, he lowered church debts, and built schools, gaining him the sobriquet 'the Magnificent.' However, he was deposed due to fraud after he confirmed the title of "Tsar" to Ivan the Terrible without the approval of the synod.

1560's - 1590's

1565
The Greek revolt in Epirus of 1565 took place in opposition to the Ottoman policy of the Devşirme, the practice of the forced kidnapping, recruitment and Turkification of Christian boys for service to the Ottoman Empire in the Janissary forces. The revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1565, Jan - 1572, May 4
Metrophanes III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed after his main supporter, the very wealthy and influential Michael Kantakouzinos, threw his support towards a younger candidate that he could better control. Metrophanes was very open-minded, friendly with both Catholics and Protestants, and totally opposed to the injustice and mistreatment of Jews.

1566
Genoa lost the Aegean island of Chios to the Ottoman Empire. Because of the wealth brought in from the mastic crop, Chios was able to make a substantial contribution to the Ottoman treasury.

1566
The Cycladic islands that comprised the 'Duchy of Naxos', excluding Sifnos, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire after the  Greek majority of the islands invited Sultan Piale to depose the much hated new heir of the duchy, Giacomo IV. The 'duchy' seized to exist.

1570, Jun 27–1573, Mar 7
The Fourth Ottoman-Venetian War (also known as the War of Cyprus) was fought between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in an Ottoman victory.

1570, Sep 17 - 1571, Aug 7
During the Fourth Ottoman Venetian War, the Siege of Famagusta was a siege at Famagusta, Cyprus, resulting in an Ottoman victory and the capture of the entire island. Venetian commander, Marco Antonio Bragadin was tortured and skinned alive.

1571, Oct 7
During the Fourth Ottoman Venetian War, the Battle of Lepanto was a battle that was fought in the Gulf of Patras resulting in a Holy League victory. Prior to this defeat, the Ottomans had not lost a major naval battle since the fifteenth century.

1571, after Oct 7 - 1573
After news spread that the Holy League defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto, Greeks from all throughout the Ottoman Empire were encouraged and revolted in Epirus, Macedonia, Patras and on the islands. All the revolts were violently suppressed. Mass slaughter of Greeks by the Ottomans ensued in all the areas that had revolted.

1572
During the Fourth Ottoman Venetian War, secret revolutionary plans in the region of Macedonia were submitted to Pope Pius V by the Bishop of Grevena, Timotheos. The revolt was to take place near the city of Thessaloniki. However, the plan was uncovered by Ottoman officials and thwarted.

1572-1573
During the Fourth Ottoman Venetian War, the Greek revolt in Mani of 1572-1573 took place, led by the Melissinis clan and the bishops Makarios of Epidaurus and Theodoros of Cephalonia. It was violently suppressed by the Ottomans on the periphery, but Mani was not conquered. Horrific executions and child kidnappings ensued.

1572, May 5-1579, Nov 23
Jeremias II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by his rivals and temporarily excommunicated, after his wealthy supporter, Michael Kantakouzinos, was jailed and executed. During his reign Jeremias concern was Church reform. He was an outspoken critic of the Ottoman practice of buying Church ranks via bribery (simony).

1573, Mar 7
​A treaty was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the Fourth Ottoman-Venetian War. As per the treaty, Cyprus was formally ceded to the Ottoman Empire, and Venice agreed to pay an indemnity of 300,000 ducats to the Ottoman Empire. Peace lasted until 1645. Cyprus remained part of the Ottoman Empire until 1878.

1579
The Cycladic islands that comprised the former 'Duchy of Naxos' was officially annexed by the Ottoman Empire via this treaty. The islands [excluding Sifnos] had been under Ottoman occupation since 1566.

1579, Nov 25 -1580, Aug 9
Metrophanes III was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until his untimely death one year later. His second ascension occurred due to wide popular support by the Greek community.

1580, Aug 9 - 1584, Feb 22
Jeremias II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed, arrested and exiled due to certain conspiracies that were circulated by a group of bishops that opposed him because he had been discussing Orthodox reforms with Catholics and Lutherans. In 1586, the French Ambassador paid for his release.

1584, Feb 22-1585, Feb 27
Pachomius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by a synod of sixteen bishops, on the charge of "inflicting immeasurable grief upon the Christians" after he sold Church properties to pay the annual tax which he had increased but had failed to collect. He was a scholar, and a friend and tutor of Sultan Mehmed III. Pachomius is very often considered an illegitimate patriarch.

1585
The Greek revolt in Vonitsa and Xyromeros of 1585 took place. It was incited by the Venetians who had promised support to the Greek rebels. The revolt was led by Bouas-Grivas, Malamos and Drakos. The Venetian support never materialized, and the revolt was suppressed by the Ottomans.

1585, Feb 27 - 1586, May
Theoleptus II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was dethroned by deacon Nicephorus, a loyalist of exiled Jeremias II, while he was travelling to Moldavia and Wallachia to raise funds. Although years earlier Jeremias had supported Theoleptus to become the Metropolitan of Philippopolis (Bulgaria), Theolelptus, conspired against Jeremias.

1586, May - 1595, Sep 4
Jeremias II was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death. The throne was being governed by his loyal deacon Nicephorus since 1586, and Jeremias was formally enthroned upon his return to Turkey in 1589. During his reign, the Autocephaly of the Patriarchate of Moscow was sanctioned by the Holy Synod.

1596 - c. 1601
The Himara Revolt of 1596 was a Christian revolt of Greeks, Albanians and Slavs that took place in Himara, northern Epirus (today in Albania) led by archbishop Athanasius I of Ohrid and supported by Spain. It was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1596, c. mid Jan - Feb
Matthew II was elected as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign twenty days later because the Holy Synod that elected him was not attended by all members. His election was nullified. Matthew left and settled on Mount Athos.

1596, Feb - Aug
Gabriel I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his sudden death months after ascending the throne. There were unsubstantiated claims at that time that he may have been poisoned, but that has never been proven.

1597, Feb 26 - Mar 26
Theophanes I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his sudden death a month after ascending the throne. He bought his own enthronement, paying a bribe of 6,000 gold coins that he borrowed from a Jewish associate. He was a Byzantine music teacher and hymnographer.

1598, Apr - 1602, Jan
Matthew II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he relinquished the throne in favor of a monastic life on Mount Athos. Around 1600, he transferred the patriarchal see to Saint George's Cathedral in the Phanar district, where it remains until today. He also canonized the nun and philanthropist, Filothei of Athens, as a saint.

1600's - 1650's

1600, Oct/Nov - 1601
The Agrafa Rebellion of 1600 was a revolt that was planned in 1598 and took place in the general Agrafa and Pindus mountain areas in Thessaly and Epirus, and was led by bishop Dionysios. The revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire. Dionysios was demoted by Church leaders.

c. 1600-1621
Between the period of c. 1600 to 1621, Serbian, Greek, Bulgarian and Albanian monks visited European courts looking for assistance to plan a Balkan revolt to overthrow the Ottoman Empire. With years of planning, nothing concrete transpired.

1602, Apr 3 - 1603, Jan
Neophytus II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed amid accusations for various scandals. He was exiled to Rhodes, and then sent to the Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai.

1603, c. mid June - Feb
Matthew II was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he relinquished the throne once again in favor of a monastic life on Mount Athos, where he died later that same year. 

1603, Mar - 1607, Oct
Raphael II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by Sultan Ahmed I and killed in exile. During his reign he dealt with correcting church matters and issued directives in that regard. Raphael preferred a union with the Catholic Church and corresponding with the Pope in secret.

1607, Oct 15 - 1612, Oct
Neophytus II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. During his reign he came into contact with western religious and political leaders, urging them to liberate Orthodox Christians from Ottoman tyranny. He was willing to make certain concessions to the Catholic Church to secure the freedom of Orthodox Christians, a move that resulted in him making enemies within the church hierarchy.

1608 - c. 1611
The Greek revolt in Nicosia of 1608 took place in Cyprus and led by Victor Zembetos who raised the flag of the revolution and revolted with his fighters. The island's bishops had sought aid from the west on many occasions. The revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.

1609
The Greek revolt in Mani of 1609 took place. Greek rebels had sought and received assurances from the west and held many meetings with European leaders to aid them. The revolt collapsed.

1611, Sep 10-11
The Greek revolt in Ioannina of 1611 took place and was led by the previously demoted bishop Dionysios. The revolt failed when rivals betrayed the bishop's plans to Ottoman officials. Dionysios's last words to his executioners prior to being skinned alive were: "I fought to free my people from suffering and your tyranny."

1612
The Greek revolt in Pieria of 1612 took place in the region of Macedonia, in the Pieria area. The revolt was inspired by the revolution in Ioannina, Epirus, a year earlier. The revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire and the Greek inhabitants of Kitros were slaughtered.

1612, Nov - 1620, Sep 3
Timothy II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death from a possible poisoning by an opposition group, during a dinner given by the Dutch Ambassador. He promised the Sultan an increased annual payment of 8,000 gold coins. He was friendly with the Catholic Church, and wrote a letter to Pope Paul V, declaring the pope superior, but he did not formally submit to him.

1614
The Greek revolt in Mani of 1614 took place. It was incited by the Spanish and led by all the major Maniot families of the peninsula. Ottoman pirates failed in their quest to make Mani submit.

1615
The Greek revolt in Mani of 1615 took place. It was incited by the Spanish and led by all the major Maniot families of the peninsula. Although Aslan Pasha inflicted major damage on Mani, the Ottomans fail to make Mani submit.

1617
The Cycladic island of Sifnos, once part of the 'Duchy of Naxos', was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The other islands of the former duchy were annexed by the Ottoman Empire previously in 1579.

1620, Nov 4 -1623, Apr 17
Cyril I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed after the French Ambassador,  paid 40,000 silver coins to the Ottoman Porte to get rid of him due to his anti-Catholic polemics. After Cyril went into hiding, the French Ambassador gave 3,000 gold coins for his arrest. He was caught and was exiled to Rhodes. Cyril maintained close contact with Calvinists and the Church of England.

1623, Apr 17 - June 18
Gregory IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed due to not having the support of the faithful and not being able to fulfill the annual tax to the Sultan. He was elected by the support of the French and the Jesuits. Gregory was in favor of unity with the Catholic Church, resulting in widespread opposition among the faithful.

1623, Jun 18 - Sep 22
Anthimus II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his resignation. He was elected in a turbulent period of pro-Catholic and pro-Calvinist patriarchs. Although he had Catholic support, Anthimus stayed loyal to the Orthodox faith. He was forced to resign after his opponent Cyril I, with the support of the Dutch Ambassador, produced a credit note of 20,000 French livres in the name of the Patriarchate.

1623, Sep 22 - 1633, Oct 4
Cyril I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by rival Cyril II due to an out-of-control debt and on the charge that he was ruling the Church as a tyrant. During this reign, Cyril I bought a printing press and printed anti-Catholic polemics.

1627-1774
The Greeks of Himara and environs opened three Greek language schools (in areas in modern Albania). In 1627, the first Greek school opened in Himara. By 1633, Greek schools were opened in Drymades and Palasa. In 1774, the 'Akrokeravnios School' was founded by Kosmas of Aetolia (later canonized as a saint).

1633, Oct 4 - 11
Cyril II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed due to his close relationship with his sponsors (i.e. the Ambassadors of Poland, France and Austria), and pressure from supporters of Cyril I. He was pro-Catholic and in favor of a union between the two Churches.

1633, Oct 11-1634, Feb 25
Cyril I was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and jailed by the Sultan due opposition at the Phanar of the Greek translation of the "Eastern Confession of the Christian Faith" publication which was Calvinist in nature and attributed to Cyril as the author. The Sultan also considered the document very politically dangerous for the Ottoman Empire.

1634, Feb 25 - Apr
Athanasius III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was immediately deposed by his opponent Cyril I. Athanasius fled to Mount Athos, where he became a benefactor for many projects. He was supported by the Sultan and the Catholics.

1634, Apr - 1635, Mar
​Cyril I was elected a fourth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed a second time by rival Cyril II due to Cyril I's close relationship with Calvinists, and the ongoing loud opposition to the Greek translation of the Calvinist "Eastern Confession of the Christian Faith" publication that his opponents suspected was authored by him.

1635, Mar - 1636, Jun
Cyril II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed due to his ongoing support from his western sponsors, and pressure from supporters of Cyril I, his main rival.

1636, Jun - 1637, Mar 5
Neophytus III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned due to an extremely large debt that was accumulated by his recent predecessors, and which he could not raise the funds to pay off. In a very intense period that was marred by infighting and rivalries, Neophytus was described by his contemporaries as being respectful and peaceful in temperament.

1637, Mar 5 - 1638, Jun 20
Cyril I was elected a fifth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was executed by Sultan Murad IV, due to rumors that circulated that he was planning a revolt. In 1638 Cyril and the Calvanist "Eastern Confession of the Christian Faith" were anathematized by his opponents. In 1672, the Council of Jerusalem acquitted Cyril and stated that he was killed by his opponents for not writing a rebuttal to the Calvinist document. It is believed by some historians that Cyril kept silent on this issue because he needed allies against the Catholics.

1638, Jun 20 - 1639, c. Jun
Cyril II was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled by the Sultan after a secret document was unearthed in which he had written out a Catholic profession of faith in 1638. The Sultan exiled him to Tunisia out of fear that the Greeks would revolt against the Ottoman Porte.

1639, Jul 1 - 1644, Sep 8
Parthenius I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Cyprus. He was educated and moderate as a leader. During his reign, he wanted to bring peace between the two church factions that had been at odds with each other for years. In 1643, he made it very clear to King Louis XIV that the dogmatic differences between Orthodox and Catholics prevent the "Union of the Churches."

1644, Sep 8 - 1646, Nov
Parthenius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by his opponents and exiled to Cyprus. He created many enemies within the Church when he nullified prior synod decisions. His contemporaries described him as being greedy and violent. Although he was pro-Calvinist, he was also friendly with Catholics.

1645, Jun 23 - 1669, Sep 5
The Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War (also known as the War of Crete) was fought between Venice and her allies against the Ottoman Empire, resulting in an Ottoman victory. Venice lost Crete to the Ottomans in 1669.

1646, Nov - 1648, Oct 28
Joannicius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by his opponents. After he was enthroned, he went into hiding to stabilize his reign against his enemies. He sought out the help of Rome and the Austrian Empire and permitted Catholic missionaries to operate throughout his jurisdiction. However, he refused to sign a Catholic profession of faith.

1648
Abbot Epifanios opens the Greek language 'Abbot Epifanios school' in Ioannina, Epirus. Because the school was well known for offering a high quality education, Muslim families also sent their kids to the school.

1648, May 1- 1669, Sep 27
During the Fifth Ottoman- Venetian War, the Siege of Candia was a siege that occurred at Candia (i.e. Heraklion), Crete resulting in an Ottoman victory. The island was ceded to the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians had planned to attack the Ottomans with a liquid made of spleen and buboes of plague victims to inflict the plague on the Ottomans. The plan was never utilized.

1648, Oct 29 - 1651, May
Parthenius II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was executed by Sultan Mehmed IV, after false rumors circulated by his opponents that he was planning a revolt with the Russians. During this second reign, he turned against the Calvinists with whom he was previously aligned with, and by this period, he had enemies on all sides.

1651, May 15 - 1652, June
Joannicius II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed for a second time by his opponents.

1652, June - [a few days]
​Cyril III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Cyprus days later. He had paid a bribe to the Sultan to become patriarch by force. After he was deposed, he was exiled to Cyprus as a monk.

1652, June [15 days]
Athanasius III was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed due to pressure from Catholics. Although he had indicated a pro-Catholic opinion prior to being elected, on the day of his second enthronement, he gave a scathing, anti-Catholic sermon.

1652, Aug 1 - 1653, Jul
Paisius I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he either resigned (or was deposed) because of mounting pressure and ongoing problems at the Patriarchate because of an extremely high debt. He left Constantinople for the island of Halki.

1653, Jul - 1654, Mar 17
Joannicius III was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and jailed by the Sultan due to the very high debt owing by the Patriarchate to the Porte.

1654
During the Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War, the island of Aegina, located across from Athens, is recaptured by Venice and held until 1715.

1654, Mar 17 [15 days]
Cyril III was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Cyprus 15 days later. Like his first enthronement, he paid a bribe to the Sultan to become patriarch by force. His contemporaries described as someone who was quarrelsome and always causing trouble.

1654, Apr - 1655 Mar
Paisius I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. During his second reign he ratified a decision made by a synod of the Russian Church regarding the revision of Church books.

1655, Mar - 1656, Jul 26
Joannicius II was elected a fourth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. After this fourth reign, he was appointed Bishop of Kea and Thermi (i.e. Kythnos).

1656, Jul 26-1657, Mar 24
Parthenius III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and executed by the Sultan after Jesuits, supported by the Prince of Wallachia, circulated a rumor that he was conspiring against the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan was aware that the rumors were false, but he still executed Parthenius "to send an example" to anyone who was thinking of ever conspiring against the Ottoman Empire. 

1657, Apr 23-30
Gabriel II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed after the Holy Synod deemed him unfit and unsuitable for the throne due to his being uneducated. He was elevated to the throne by the support of the Greek nobility.

1657, May 1 - 1662, Jun 29
Parthenius IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. He returned to the Diocese of Prousa, then settled in Wallachia. 

1659-1667
During the Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War, with military assistance and aid by the Venetians, many Greek rebellions took place throughout the Morea (i.e. Peloponnese) in the regions of Messenia, Laconia, Arkadia, Mani and elsewhere. Many areas were temporarily freed but recaptured by the Ottoman Empire.

1660's - 1690's

1662, Jun 29-1665, Oct 21
Dionysius III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. He was involved in trying to resolve the issues created in the Church of Russia due to reforms that were implemented by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow.

1665, Oct 21 - 1667, Sep 9
Parthenius IV was elected a second time Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to the island of Tenedos. He was subsequently sent to oversee various dioceses in Romania and Bulgaria.

1667-1669
During the latter years of the Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War, Maniot Greek pirates reach Crete and rob the Ottoman fleet which had encircled Crete. In 1669 the Ottomans attempted to capture Mani in reprisal to the piracy, but failed το reach inland. The Ottomans take three fortresses in Mani.

1667, Sep 9 - Oct 21
Clement was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by Sultan Mehmed IV, after the Holy Synod demanded he be dismissed due to his uneducated and abrupt nature. His election was not recognized.

1668, Jan 5 - 1671, Mar
Methodius III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign due to a dispute with former Patriarch Parthenius IV. During his reign, many canonical provisions were issued on ecclesiastical matters. He issued the first Sigillion (i.e
a legal document affirmed with a seal) on behalf of the Patriarchate for the establishment of a Greek Orthodox school in Arta, Epirus.

1669, Sep 16
After the end of the Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War, a peace treaty was signed in which Crete was ceded to the Ottoman Empire. This excluded Gramvousa, Souda and Spinalonga. The Venetians considered Crete "the most beautiful crown to adorn the head of the Most Serene Republic."

1671, Mar - Sep 7
Parthenius IV was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Cyprus. During this third reign he was successful in abolishing the Muslim practice of matchmaking of convenience in which Muslim men would marry Christian women for a short period of time just to have "legal relations" that were covered by law (i.e. forced rape recognized as legal under Ottoman law).

1671, Nov 8 - 1673, Jul 25
Dionysius IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed on the insistence of the wife of Panagiotis Nikousios, the Chief Interpreter (i.e. the Grand Dragoman) of the Ottoman Porte.

1673, Aug 14 - 1674, Dec
Gerasimus II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. He was enthroned on the insistence of the wife of Panagiotis Nikousios, the Chief Interpreted (i.e the Grand Dragoman) of the Ottoman Porte.

1675, Jan 1 - 1676, Jul 19
Parthenius IV was elected a fourth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was transferred to the Diocese of Anchialos.

1676
Emmanuel Gioumas opens the Greek language 'Emmanuel Gioumas School' in Ioannina, Epirus. Among other names, the school was also known as the 'Balanaia School' and 'First School of Ioannina.' The original school building which housed rare manuscripts and artefacts was destroyed in 1820.

1676, Oct 24 - 1679, Aug 2
Dionysius IV was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and jailed for a short period. After his release, he was sent to the Diocese of Philippoupolis in Bulgaria.

1679
Wallachian nobles open the Greek language higher learning academy 'Lyceum of Bucharest' known in Romanian as 'Academia Domnească de la București.' It was attended by wealthy Greek and non-Greek students. Major Greek scholars were educated at the Lyceum until 1821.

1679. Aug 2-10
Athanasius IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan eight days later. The previous Patriarch Dionysius IV had demoted him from the rank of bishop due to impiety. However, Athanasius was enthroned on purpose by Dionysius' opponents.

1679, Aug 10-1682, Jul 10
Iakovos was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign due to the constant meddling of the former Patriarch Dionysius IV.

1682, Jul 10-1684, Mar 30
Dionysius IV was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. He retired initially to the island of Halki, before moving to Adrianople (Edirne).

1684
The Greek revolt on the island of Lemnos of 1684 took place and was incited by bishop Parthenos II of Lemnos. The revolt was suppressed by the Ottoman Empire and Parthenios was arrested, tortured and executed.

1684, Mar 30
The Greek revolt in Corinth of 1684 took place after Ottoman officials arrested bishop Zaharias on false charges of treason. The Ottomans sentenced and executed the bishop, and suppressed the revolt.

1684, Mar 30-1685, Mar
Parthenius IV was elected a fifth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was transferred once again to the Diocese of Anchialos.

1684, Apr 25-1699, Jan 26
The Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War (also known as the Morean War) was fought between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in a Venetian victory. Among the many areas that Venice captured from the Ottomans, Francesco Morosini's capture of the Morea (i.e. Peloponnese) was the most important.

1684, Apr 25 - 1696
During the Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War, Venetian Commander Francesco Morosini incited the Greeks to rebel and revolts broke out in various areas of Greece. Morosini died in Nafplion in 1694, and the Greeks continued fighting until 1696.

1684, Aug 6 - 1715
During the Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War, the Siege of Santa Maura (i.e. Lefkada) was a siege that occurred at the Ionian island of Lefkada, resulting in a Venetian victory. The island will be held by Venice until 1715. Preveza, across the water from Lefkada in the region of Epirus, was also captured in 1684.

1685
The Greek revolt in Mani of 1685 took place during the Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War and was led by the Maniots, in collaboration with the Venetians, against the Ottoman Empire. The Maniots recapture the last Ottoman fortresses - Porto Kagio, Zarnata, Kelefas and Passava - which were taken by the Ottomans in 1667-69.

1685, Mar 20- 1686, Apr 7
Iakovos was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign due to the continuation of the meddling by his opponent, the former Patriarch Dionysius IV.

1685-1687
​During the Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War, Francesco Morosini and his allies captured parts of the Morea (i.e. Peloponnese). The Venetians and their allies, captured Koroni, Kalamata, Pylos, Methoni, Argos, Nauplion, Patras, Corinth and fortresses in the Mani peninsula. The Venetians incited the Greeks to rebel in this two-year period.

1686, Apr 7 - 1687, Oct 17
Dionysius IV was elected a fourth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Grand Vizier after the previous Patriarch Iakovos paid a huge bribe to have him overthrown. Dionysius fled to Adrianople where he was found and arrested for a short period until he was freed by supporters.

1687, Sep 27
During the Sixth Ottoman- Venetian War, the Parthenon, in which the Turks were storing their gunpowder, was partly destroyed. In his attempt to capture Athens, the Venetian Commander, Francesco Morosini, fired upon the Parthenon which ignited the gunpowder.

1687, Oct 17 - 1688, Mar 3
Iakovos was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign due to the continuation of the meddling by his opponent, the former Patriarch Dionysius IV.

1688-1715
The Kingdom of the Morea was established by the Venetians. The peninsula was divided into four provinces (Romania, Achaia, Laconia and Messinia). The islands of Kythira and Antikythira formed part of the newly established kingdom. The Ottomans surrendered Monemvasia in 1690.

1688, Mar 3 - Nov 27
Callinicus II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was overthrown and replaced by his rival Neophytus, a Metropolitan
who had been demoted by Callinicus. Callinicus had very wide support for his elevation by both the church hierarchy and the Greek nobility, especially by the wealthy benefactor Manolakis Kastorianos.

1688, Nov 27- 1689, Mar 7
Neophytus IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he we deposed due to his tyrannical behavior. He ascended the throne after overthrowing the previous patriarch with whom he had a rivalry.

1689, Mar 7 - 1693, Jul
Callinicus II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan due to pressure from the Prince of Wallachia. During his second reign, Callinicus reformed and reorganized the Patriarchal School and promoted education. He actively opposed Roman Catholic missionaries in the near east.

1693, Aug - 1694, Apr
Dionysius IV was elected a fifth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. He retired in Bucharest, Romania. In all his reigns he dealt with the main ongoing issue of the day - the position of the Orthodox Church against the Protestants and Calvinists.

1694, Apr - 1702, Aug 8
Callinicus II was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death. During his third reign, he issued a decree for Ioannina, Epirus, after he was called upon to resolve a local issue that pertained to dowries. He was a very active patriarch who left behind his very important literary works, instructions for hierarchs, ecclesiastical discourses, patriarchal histories etc.

1698, Sep 20
The Battle of Samothrace was a battle fought at the north Aegean island of Samothrace between Venice and the Ottoman Empire during the Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War. This battle ended in an inconclusive result.

1699, Jan 26
The Treaty of Karlowitz was a treaty signed in Serbia between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the war. As per the treaty, Morea (i.e. Peloponnese), Tinos, Aegina and Santa Maura (i.e. Lefkada) were officially ceded to Venice, while other areas were returned to the Ottoman Empire.

1700's - 1740's

1702, Aug 29-1707, Oct 25
Gabriel III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he fell ill, dying five years later. During his reign he dealt with many issues pertaining to Orthodox doctrine and daily life. He was a firm proponent of education and established the first Greek school in his hometown of Smyrna. He canonized Dionysius of Zakynthos a saint in 1703.

1705
The Greek revolt in Naousa of 1705, took place and was led by Zisis Karadimos in opposition to the Ottoman policy of the Devşirme - i.e. the practice of the forced kidnapping, recruitment and the Turkification of Christian boys for service to the Ottoman Empire in the Janissary forces. The Ottomans suppressed the revolt and executed all arrested rebels, and sold civilians into slavery.

1707, Oct 20-25
​Neophytus V was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed five days later by the Sultan who refused to confirm the election due to loud opposition coming from some circles of influential Greeks.

1707, Oct 25 - 1709, May
Cyprianus I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Mount Athos by his opponents. During his reign he made it very clear that he demanded total piety and strictness in the lives of the clergy, causing him many enemies.

1709, May - 1711, Dec 4
Athanasius V was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by his rivals, suspected of pro-Catholic tendencies. He was elevated to the throne by the intervention of the Grand Vizier.

1710
The Kyritsis family in Kastoria, Macedonia, established the Greek language 'Kyritsis School of Kastoria.' The western educated scholar and Greek Orthodox cleric, Methodios Anthrakitis, broke with the Church's curriculum rules and taught logic, math and philosophy. Because of this, the school housed students from as far away as Bucharest.

1711, Dec 4 - 1713, Nov
Cyril IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople,
until he was forced to resign after refusing to increase the annual tax tribute of the Patriarchate to the Ottoman Porte. During his reign, Cyril attempted to put the Patriarchate's finances in proper order.

1713, Nov - 1714, Feb 28
Cyprianus I was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign for not being able to find the money needed to pay the annual tax tribute to the Ottoman Porte. The tax owing in this period was 25,000 silver kuruş coins.

1714, Feb 28 - 1716, Mar
Cosmas III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to the Sinai on March 23, 1716. He was enthroned by the support of the wealthy Phanariot Greek Manuel Ypsilantis. During his reign, Cosmas promoted education.

1714, Dec 9 - 1718, Jul 21
The Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War was fought between the Republic of Venice and her allies and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in an Ottoman Victory. The Ottomans recaptured the Morea (i.e. Peloponnese) in 1715, various islands and other areas, but also took losses in the Balkans.

1715
During the Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War, the Cycladic island of Tinos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. It was the last Greek island to be conquered by them.

1716, Mar 23 - 1726, Nov
Jeremias III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan on November 19, 1726, due to pressure from the ruler of Moldova. He built and restored many churches, and he clarified Eastern Orthodox doctrines, especially for converts to the Church. He implemented extreme austerity measures on the Patriarchate's expenses, managing to reduce debt and improve its finances.

1716, Jul 19 - Aug 20
During the Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War, the Siege of Corfu was a siege that occurred at the Ionian island of Corfu, resulting in a Venetian victory. This victory preserved Venice's rule over the Ionian islands.

1716, Apr - 1718, Jul 21
During the Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War, the Greek revolt attempt of 1716-1718 in the region of Macedonia was planned by former bishop Zosimas Roussis who held secret talks with the Austrians to overthrow the Ottoman Empire. The planned revolt will collapse after Austria signed a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire on July 21, 1718.

1717
During the Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War, the Greek revolt in Akarnania of 1717, in west Greece, took place and led by Thymios Tsekouras and Thymios Gakis. The revolt eventually fell apart due to poor planning. Tsekouras and Gakis retreated to the Agrafa mountains.

1718, Jul 21
The Treaty of Passarowitz was a treaty signed in Serbia between Austria and Venice on one side and​ the Ottoman Empire on the other, ending the Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War. Among the many terms that favored the Ottoman Empire, Venice lost three Cretan forts, a few Aegean islands and the Morea (Peloponnese).

1721
The Greek revolt in Souli of 1721 took place after the local Pasha demanded the submission of Souli. His demand was rejected by the Souliotes with a force of 8,000 men. The Pasha retaliated by ordering a siege in Souli which failed, resulting in the retreat of the Ottoman Turks.

1726, Nov 19
Callinicus III* was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, but he died from a heart attack upon hearing the news. Sultan Ahmed III still demanded the payment of the election tax which was the highest by this point at 36,400 silver kuruş coins (5,600 gold coins), and which caused a scandal. The throne tax reached this absurd amount due to Ottoman greed and the non-stop infighting in the Greek community. The tax issue was rectified by the end of the 18th century.

1726, Nov 20 - 1732, Sep
Paisius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was overthrown by his opponents on September 15, 1732. He was quickly enthroned to stop Jeremias III from assuming the throne once again. During this reign, there were two attempts to depose him, with the last one being successful.

1731
The Greek revolt in Souli of 1731 took place after Hadzi Achmet Pasha and local Ottoman leaders commenced many sieges in Souli, resulting in the Souliotes defending their positions. The Ottoman Turks were defeated.

1732, Sep 15 - 1733, Mar
Jeremias III was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he left the thrown due to an illness. Jeremias was very popular and is considered an important 18th century patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church.

1733-1922
Prominent Greeks of Smyrna in Asia Minor established the Greek language 'Evangelical School of Smyrna.' The school was considered one of the most important Greek schools of the era and functioned for 200 years. From 1922 to present, the school functions as a Turkish school.

1733, Mar - 1734, Sep 27
Seraphim I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan. He was not popular and on January 1, 1734, a parishioner in a church attempted to kill him, stabbing him multiple times at the end of the Holy Liturgy service, but he survived. During his reign, he canonized Mark of Ephesus, as a saint.

1734, Sep 27 - 1740, Aug
Neophytus VI was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed. He was enthroned with the support of the wealthy Phanariot Greek Alexander Ghikas. During his reign he was more interested in dealing with monastic issues than dealing with the issues of the Church.

1740, Aug - 1743, May
Paisius II was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan for financial related issues. Although he was a very capable man with many leadership qualities, it became apparent to his contemporaries that he was more interested in the longevity of his reign and ruled like a tyrant. He forced some hierarchs to take an oath of loyalty to him, that they would not seek out the throne.

1742-1797
The Maroutsis family established the Greek language 'Maroutsis School' in Ioannina. They hired the western educated scholar and Greek Orthodox cleric, Evgenios Voulgaris, to head the school. He taught a European-based curriculum and created student bodies tasked with promoting the idea of freedom to society.

1743, May - 1744, Mar
Neophytus VI was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to the island of Patmos by the Grand Vizier, due to the meddling of former Patriach Paisius II. During this second reign he was ordered by the Grand Vizier to not have any contact with the wealthy Phanariot Greek Alexander Ghikas.

1744, Mar - 1748, Sep 28
Paisius II was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was overthrown by a new opponent that arose, the future Cyril V, who voiced complaints to the Sultan in regard to the high tax that Paisius imposed on the laity which brought stress to the entire Orthodox community (millet) in the empire and his financial mismanagement.

1748, Sep 28 - 1751, May
Cyril V was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by his opponents due to his tax restructuring on all Metropolitan Bishops, a move that made him very popular with the people, but equally unpopular with the church hierarchy. During his reign he aimed to put the Patriarchate's finances in order and to better instruct monks. He established the Athonite Academy in 1749.

1749 - present
The 'Athonite Academy' was established in 1749 by the monastic community of Mount Athos. Although a religious community, the Athonite Academy offered a high level education teaching science and ancient philosophy. The academy took a leading role in promoting modern Greek Enlightenment in the 18th century.

1750's - 1790's

1750-1760
The Greek revolt in Akarnania of 1750-1760 took place in western Greece, led by Christo Milionis, the Tsekouras brothers and others. The Greeks killed various Ottoman officials, but the revolt ended after Milionis was killed.

1750-1821
Ioannis Dekas established the Greek language 'Ioannis Dekas School' in Athens. The school functioned until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence. Dekas donated his library and made a substantial financial contribution in order to pay the wages of the educators.

1751, May - 1752, Sep 7
Paisius II was elected a fourth time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was overthrown by his rival Cyril V who paid a bribe of 45,000 silver
kuruş to the Sultan to depose him. During this fourth reign, opponents instigated many riots, some of which were very violent, including one that resulted in the kidnapping of Paisius. After he was deposed, Paisius retired in a monastery on the island of Halki.

1752, Sep 7 - 1757, Jan 16
Cyril V was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until the future Callinicus IV paid a large bribe to the Sultan to depose him. During this reign, Cyril was involved in the ongoing issue of the re-baptism of western rites converts. Although he was in favor, the Holy Synod voted against it on April 28, 1755. In June of 1755, he issued his own circular that demanded the re-baptism of western rites converts. To this day, some Greek Orthodox still follow his circular.

1754
​The Greek revolt in Souli of 1754 took place after Mustafa Pasha of Ioannina attempted to subdue Souli, resulting in the Souliotes defending their positions. The Ottoman Turks were defeated.

1754
The Greek and Ottoman revolt in Athens of 1754 took place after both communities (Greek and Turkish) united to revolt against the rule of the local Ottoman official who had attempted to raise taxes to an exorbitant level. The revolt was suppressed, but only the Greeks were tortured and punished.

1757, Jan 16 - Jul 22
Callinicus IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign due to the pressure from those in favor of the re-baptism of western rite converts. Because he was opposed to re-baptism as he felt that was a modern innovation and counter to the ancient canons, his enthronement took place with Ottoman soldiers by his side who protected him from an angry mob that tried to seize him.

1757, Jul 22- 1761, Mar 26
Seraphim II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Mount Athos by Sultan Mustafa III due to his becoming too close with the Russian Empire. During his reign, he was silent on the issue of re-baptism for western rite converts. He introduced the feast day for Saint Andrew. After his reign he often incited the Greeks to rebel against the Ottoman Empire.

1759
The Greek revolt in Souli of 1759 took place after the local Ottoman official Dost Bey attempted to subdue Souli, resulting in the Souliotes defending their positions. The Ottoman Turks were defeated.

1760
Prominent Greeks of Vourla in Asia Minor established the Greek language 'Anaxagorios School' also known as the 'School of the Holy Mother.'  The school was the first Greek school to open in Vourla (modern day Urla, Turkey).

1761, Mar 26 - 1763, May
Joannicius III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Mount Athos on May 21, 1763. His election was the subject of intense disagreement and division among the Phanariot Greeks due to a history of financial mismanagement while he was Patriarch of Serbia. Although he was elevated by the Ottoman Porte, they also had some reservations about him.

1762
The Greek revolt in Souli of 1762 took place after the local Ottoman official Maxut Bey attempted to subdue Souli, resulting in the Souliotes defending their positions. The Ottoman Turks were defeated.

1763, May 24-1768, Nov 5
Samuel I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign due to opposition to his reforms. During his reign, he limited expenses at the Patriarchate, limited the Patriarch's power by dividing power into four establishing a system of shared responsibility, limited fundraisers, spoke out against the slavery of women, and repealed the old rule imposed on the clergy for the contribution of in-kind goods to the Patriarchate.

1767, Apr 15 
The Greek revolt in Tripoli of 1767 took place when Ottoman officials were seeking the arrest of bishop Ananias of Tripoli in order to execute him. Thirty Greeks fought the Ottomans for nine days, losing twelve rebels. The revolt was suppressed and Ananias was executed. His head was taken to the local Vizier for proof.

1768-1774
The Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 was a war that was fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in a Russian victory. The war was fought on five fronts. This loss signaled the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which was no longer seen as a threat to Europe after this period in history.

1768, Nov 5- 1769, Nov 11
Meletius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Mitilini during the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) which was raging during his reign. As the war was being fought, the Greeks sided with the Russians in an attempt to free themselves from slavery.

1769, Nov 11 - 1773, Nov
Theodosius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resigned on November 16, 1773 due to pressure from rivals. During his reign, the Greeks revolted in various regions of the Ottoman Empire in the early stages of the Russo-Turkish War, adding pressure on him by the Ottoman Porte. He saved Mount Athos from being destroyed by the Turks, freed war prisoners, and raised funds for many schools.

1770, Feb - 1771, Jun 17
During the Russo-Turkish War, the Orlov Revolt was a Greek rebellion that took place throughout Greece, instigated by the arrival of Russian Admiral Alexey Orlov in Mani. It was violently crushed by the Ottomans. Although not successful, the Orlov Revolt inspired the Greeks during the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

1770, Mar 25 - 1771, Jun
During the Russo-Turkish War, the Daskalogiannis Revolt took place in Crete, instigated by the Russians who contacted the wealthy Ioannis Vlachos, known by the nom de guerre, Daskalogiannis." The revolt started as planned, but the promised Russian support never came and Daskalogiannis was caught and skinned alive.

1772, Nov 6-8
During the Russo-Turkish War, the Battle of Patras was a naval battle fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in a decisive Russian victory. The Ottomans lose the majority of their fleet that fought at Patras.

1772
The Greek revolt in Souli of 1772 took place after Ottoman official Suleiman Tsaparkas attempts to subdue Souli with around 9,000 men. The Souliotes took Tsaparkas, his son and other Ottoman officials hostage and released them after a ransom was paid. The Ottoman Turks were forced to retreat.

1773, Nov 17 - 1774, Dec
Samuel I was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to the island of Halki on December 24, 1774, after having lost his support within both the Ottoman Porte and the Holy Synod. The main issue he dealt with was the Kollyvades, a group of monks on Mount Athos seeking the restoration of traditional practices.

1774, Jul 21
The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed between the Russian and Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. Among the terms in the treaty, Russia claimed the right to protect all Orthodox Christians on Ottoman soil. From this point in history, Russia used this treaty to intervene in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire.

1774, Dec 24-1780, Oct 19
Sophronius II was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death. He was a very educated and pious man. During his reign he was very preoccupied with putting the Patriarchate's finances in order and was a promoter of education. He called a Holy Synod which condemned the so-called Kollyvades group on Mount Athos.

1776
After years of revolts, Mani's autonomous status was officially recognized by the Ottoman Porte. The Mani always resisted Ottoman advances for over three hundred years and was not subdued. As Ottoman power declined, Mani became a stronghold of the klephts (bandits) who also fought against the Ottoman Empire.

1779
The Ottoman revolt in Tripoli of 1779 took place. Albanian bands, who were brought previously to the Morea by the Ottomans during the Orlov Revolt of 1770-1771, had been committing violence and pillaging for years. Sultan Abdul-Hamid took action to reinstate order. In this revolt, Greeks fought alongside the Ottomans.

1780, Oct 19- 1785, Jun 29
Gabriel IV was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until his death. During his reign, he restored many monks who had led the Kollyvades group. In 1784, he released the Typikon of Mount Athos (instructions manual) which limited the power of the monastic community along with any other organization linked to them.

1782, Sep 10
The Greek Plan was a very early solution to the then
Eastern Question which was advanced by Russia's Catherine the Great. It envisaged the partition of the Ottoman Empire between the Russian and Habsburg Empires, and a restored Byzantine Empire to be ruled by a Romanov emperor. The plan never materialized.

1785, Jun 29- 1789, Apr 30
Procopius was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed and exiled to Mount Athos by Sultan Selim III. During his reign he focused on putting the finances of the Patriarchate in order and tried to limit external influences in Church issues. He was forced by the Sultan to publicly denounce Greek revolutionaries who were revolting throughout the empire as the then Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792 was raging, a move that created enemies.

1786 - 1789 (1821, Jun)
The Phanariot Prince of Wallachia, Nikolaos Mavrogenis, succeeded in receiving privileges from the Ottoman Porte for the Greeks in the Asia Minor town of Kydonies (Ayvali), and established the Greek 'School of Kydonies.' The school was the idea of the Orthodox cleric, Ioannis Dimitrakellis, and the curriculum was based on a European model. These privileges were revoked by the Ottomans in 1821.

1787, Aug 19 - 1792, Jan 9
The Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792 was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in a Russian victory. The war started when the Ottoman Empire wanted to regain territories lost in the previous Russo-Turkish War. The Russians would incite the Greeks to revolt throughout the empire during the war.

1787-1792
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92, the Greek revolutionary attempt of the same years was a series of naval revolts, led by Lambros Katsonis. He assembled a Greek fleet and harassed the Turkish squadrons in the Aegean Sea, forcing the Ottomans to briefly abandon the island of Kastellorizo. The Greek revolts ended as the Russo-Turkish War ended.

1789, Mar
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92, the Greek revolt in Souli of 1789 took place during the Russo-Turkish War. Ali Pasha demanded the absolute submission of Souli, but the Souliotes declined. Ali sent 10,000 Albanian fighters to Souli to subdue the rebels. The Souliotes defended their positions, and the Ottomans were forced to retreat.

1789, May 12-1794, Mar 1
Neophytus VII was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign. There were some circles that opposed his election, considering the process uncanonical. He was very involved in the founding of schools. His reign was considered an important one, but at the personal level, he was considered very difficult to work with. Some of his opponents viewed him a tyrannical and greedy.

1790, May 17-18 
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92, the Battle of Andros was a naval battle led by Lambros Katsonis who had been engaged in naval revolts in the Aegean Sea since the start of the war. The battle resulted in an Ottoman victory, but Katsonis was awarded for his bravery by Catherine II. He fled to Russia after the Ottomans issued an arrest warrant.

1792
After the Russo-Turkish War ended, the Greek revolt in Souli of 1792 took place. Ali Pasha attempted to capture Souli and sent a large Ottoman Albanian force to subdue the area. The Souliotes successfully defended their positions, forcing the Ottomans to retreat.

1794, Mar 3- 1797, Apr 18
Gerasimus III was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he relinquished the throne and retired at the Tarabya neighborhood of Constantinople. During his reign, he reformed and regulated many Church issues, and added a very strict age restriction for those seeking ordination into the clergy.

1794, Jun 17
During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Battle of Mykonos was a naval battle fought near Mykonos between Great Britain and France, resulting in the capture of the French frigate 'Sybille' by Captain William Paget. The frigate was commissioned into the Royal Navy.

1797, May 1- 1798, Dec 19
Gregory V was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was deposed by the Sultan. His reign took place in an extremely difficult period in which many revolutionary ideas were taking root among the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire who were seeking an end to slavery. Gregory spent his time promoting education, founded many schools, and published many books. He was often pressured to denounce revolutionary activities.

1797, Oct 17
The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarch. Among the provisions, the treaty dismantled the Republic of Venice and awarded the Ionian Islands to France.

1797-1799
​The Ionian Islands were awarded to France by the Treaty of Campo Formio. The first French Governor of the Ionian Islands was Antoine Gentili. French rule on the Ionian islands lasted until 1799 which had become oppressive to the islanders, arousing the enmity of the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire.

1797-1821 (1926-present)
The Kaplanis family established the Greek language 'Kaplaneios School' in Ioannina, Epirus. The school evolved into the most significant intellectual center of the city until it was destroyed in 1821. In 1926, the school was reestablished by a bequest left by Zois Kaplanis and functions to this day.

1798, Jun 24
Rigas Feraios was strangled to death by Ottoman guards after his planned meeting to meet French officials in Venice was betrayed by the Greek businessman, Demetrios Kozanites. Feraios was a Greek writer, political thinker, revolutionary and a pioneer of the Greek War of Independence. His writings and ideas sparked widespread revolutionary sentiments among the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire.

1798, Dec 19-1801, Jun 17
Neophytus VII was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned and was exiled to Mount Athos. This second reign was very difficult as revolutionary fervor was in the air throughout the Ottoman Empire. During his reign he reformed the Great School of the Nation and founded schools. He published many books for the community and after 413 years, he restored the Metropolis of Corfu.

1800's

1800 - 1803, Dec 7
The Greek revolt in Souli of 1800-1803 took place resulting in a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire. Over fifty Souliote women chose to heroically commit suicide with their children rather than being captured by the Turks by jumping off the Zalongo Mountain in an act that became known as the "Dance of Zalongo."

1800, Mar 21
The Treaty of Constantinople was concluded between the Ottoman and Russian empires. It heralded the creation of the Septinsular Republic, the first semi-autonomous Greek state since the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

1800-1807
The Septinsular Republic was a semi-autonomous Greek state that existed from 1800 to 1807 under nominal Russian and Ottoman sovereignty in the Ionian Islands. It was established by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1800 concluded on March 21, 1800.

1801, Jun 18- 1806, Sep 22
Callinicus V was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign due to intense pressure from the then new rulers of Wallachia, who wanted to re-elevate Gregory V. Although he was not very educated, he promoted education and established many schools. He contributed to the orderly function of Mount Athos. He was described as being very merciful on the one hand, but also very short-tempered.

1803 - 1819, Jun 16
The Greeks of Smyrna established the Greek language 'Philological High School of Smyrna.' The school taught an advanced curriculum and its most important director was the philosopher Konstantinos Koumas who succeeded in expanding the minds of the enslaved students.

1806
The Hellenic Nomarchy was a pamphlet printed in Italy by "an anonymous Greek"
as he signed his name, who promoted the ideals of freedom, social justice and equality as the basis of a well-governed society. This pamphlet was widely read by Greeks prior to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence but was received with some discomfort and shrouded in secrecy in the 19th and 20th centuries, causing debates about the true identity of the author. 

1806, Sep 24-1808, Sep 10
Gregory V was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he resigned. His second reign was even more difficult than his first as a new Russo-Turkish War broke out. He was forced by the Sultan to openly denounce the Russians and to make demands of the Greek community to be blindly obedient to the Sultan. At the same time, additional pressure came from mini civil wars at the Ottoman Porte. However, Gregory was able to solve many issues at the Patriarchate, and pushed for education.

1806,Dec 22-1812, May 28
The Russo Turkish War of 1806-1812 was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in a Russian victory. Both sides wanted peace fearing of Napoleon's moves to the east during this period as the Napoleonic Wars were ongoing since 1803. The war was ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812, which ceded the eastern half of Moldavia to Russia. Right before the war started, the Ottoman Porte deposed the two Greek pro-Russian Hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia.

1807, Jul 7 - 1814, Apr 11
The Septinsular Republic  was ceded by the Russian Empire to the French Empire by the Treaty of Tilsit. The British reacted to the French takeover by a naval blockade. By 1809 the British fleet had established its presence in the Ionian Sea and started occupying the islands one by one.

1808, Sep 10-1809, Apr 23
Callinicus V was elected a second time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until the Holy Synod removed him under the excuse of his old age and illness. He ascended the throne this second time after paying a huge bribe to the Grand Vizier, Mustafa Bayraktar. During this reign, he over-saw the reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and built a hospital in Prousa (Bursa).

1809 - 1815, c. Nov
The Ellinoglosso Xenodohio was a secret Masonic- influenced organization founded in 1809 in Paris, France, whose purpose was to educate Greeks of the Ottoman Empire and to prepare the struggle against Ottoman rule in Greece. It was a precursor to the more successful secret organization, Filiki Eteria. It successfully sent 40,000 weapons to Greeks in Peloponnese, Epirus and Macedonia. Members also included non-Greeks.

1809, Apr 23- 1813, Mar 4
Jeremias IV was elected Patrich of Constantinople, until he resigned due to health reasons. Although he was not very educated, he was considered as a very successful Patriarch due to his being financially prudent and due to his leadership skills. He was a very courageous protector of Church interests.

1812-1836
The Hellenic Telegraph
(Ellinikos Tilegraphos) was a pre-revolution era Greek newspaper that was published twice a week in Vienna by publisher Dimitrios Alexandridis. Austrian and Ottoman censors constantly tried to suppress the newspaper as it carried progressive articles that could incite the enslaved Greeks in the Ottoman Empire.

1812 - present
Archbishop Kyprianos of Cyprus (leader of the Cypriot Orthodox Church) established the Greek language 'Pancyprian High School' in Nicosia, Cyprus. Kyprianos held secret meetings at the crypt of the school with members of the Filiki Etairia, a secret organization planning the overthrow of the Ottoman Empire.

1813-1820
The Philomuse Society was a secretive philological society that was founded both in Athens with the help of the British and in Vienna, Austria, by Count Ioannis Kapodistrias. It was founded under the guise of educating the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire and to promote philhellenism in Europe, both of which were achieved. However, its true operation was the teaching of revolutionary ideas to its students and the reawakening of the nation, which were taught in secret.

1813, Mar 4- 1818, Dec 13
Cyril VI was elected Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was forced to resign by Sultan Mahmud II. He was highly educated and promoted education, opened many schools, founded a music school, and published books. He fixed the economic issues of the Patriarchate. Some historians state that he was an advisor of the secret Filiki Eteria. After his resignation, he was also arrested along with his successor, Gregory V, and many other hierarchs, and was executed.

1814, Sep 14 - 1821, Mar
The Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was a secret, masonic-influenced organization founded in 1814 in Odessa, Russian Empire (today Ukraine) whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman Empire and to establish an independent Greek state. Members also included non-Greeks and a few female revolutionaries.

1815, Nov 5 - 1864 
Britain obtained a protectorate over the Ionian Islands as per the "Treaty between Great Britain and Austria, Prussia and Russia, respecting the Ionian Islands" (signed in Paris on 5 November 1815), as one of the treaties signed during the Peace of Paris (1815).

1818, Dec 14-1821, Apr 10
Gregory V was elected a third time as Patriarch of Constantinople, until he was executed because of the ongoing Greek War of Independence that had started in March 1821.  During this reign, he founded philanthropic organizations, he funded hospitals, and pursued educational reforms. The Ottoman Porte forced Gregory to issue multiple excommunications for all the Greek revolutionaries, to scare them into laying down their arms, but that tactic failed, resulting in his arrest and execution.

1819-1863
The Obol was established as the currency of the United States of the Ionian Islands. The Obol was issued by the British and was replaced by the Greek drachma when the Ionian Islands were given to Greece. Throughout its use, the Obol was equal to one British half penny.

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Next Era

Sources:
Bibliography, notes and works cited